Gradient nonlinearity correction in liver DWI using motion-compensated diffusion encoding waveforms

Objective To experimentally characterize the effectiveness of a gradient nonlinearity correction method in removing ADC bias for different motion-compensated diffusion encoding waveforms. Methods The diffusion encoding waveforms used were the standard monopolar Stejskal-Tanner pulsed gradient spin echo (pgse) waveform, the symmetric bipolar velocity-compensated waveform (sym-vc), the asymmetric bipolar velocity-compensated waveform (asym-vc) and the asymmetric bipolar partial velocity-compensated waveform (asym-pvc). The effectiveness of the gradient nonlinearity correction method using the spherical harmonic expansion of the gradient coil field was tested with the aforementioned waveforms in a phantom and in four healthy subjects. Results The gradient nonlinearity correction method reduced the ADC bias in the phantom experiments for all used waveforms. The range of the ADC values over a distance of +/- 67.2 mm from isocenter reduced from 1.29 x 10(-4) to 0.32 x 10(-4) mm(2)/s for pgse, 1.04 x 10(-4) to 0.22 x 10(-4) mm(2)/s for sym-vc, 1.22 x 10(-4) to 0.24 x 10(-4) mm(2)/s for asym-vc and 1.07 x 10(-4) to 0.11 x 10(-4) mm(2)/s for asym-pvc. The in vivo results showed that ADC overestimation due to motion or bright vessels can be increased even further by the gradient nonlinearity correction. Conclusion The investigated gradient nonlinearity correction method can be used effectively with various motion-compensated diffusion encoding waveforms. In coronal liver DWI, ADC errors caused by motion and residual vessel signal can be increased even further by the gradient nonlinearity correction.

Automated summary

The experimental results demonstrate that the gradient nonlinearity correction method effectively reduces ADC bias in various diffusion encoding waveforms and may further increase ADC overestimation in in vivo experiments due to motion and residual vessel signal.