Point of need simultaneous biosensing of pharmaceutical micropollutants with binder free conjugation of manganese stannate micro-rods on reduced graphene oxide in real-time analysis

Background: The usage and intake of various pain killers and antibiotics are widespread in this modern world with the increased population. These uptakes of medications could not be stopped, while developing modern techniques to ensure their presence can be done to be aware of the drugs engaged. A simultaneous electro-chemical sensing of acetaminophen (ACAP) and ciprofloxacin (CIP) was done using manganese stannate anchored over reduced graphene oxide nanosheets (Mn-2 SnO4/rGO) on glassy carbon electrode (GCE). Methods: Mn-2 SnO4 was prepared via hydrothermal method and then reduced graphene oxide was integrated with Mn-2 SnO4 with a simple ultrasonication method. Mn-2 SnO4 /rGO was characterized to analyze the structural and chemical properties with XRD, and Raman. FT-IR was done to investigate the functional group presence in Mn-2 SnO4/rGO. XPS and EDAX analysis initiated for the investigation of elemental presence. Moreover, the morphological representation of Mn-2 SnO4/rGO was confirmed by FE-SEM and TEM images. The resistance of Mn-2 SnO4/rGO/GCE was studied with electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The simultaneous electrochemical sensing of ACAP and CIP with Mn-2 SnO4/rGO/GCE as the working electrode was done utilizing cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry technique to know the electrochemical properties. Significant findings: The Mn-2 SnO4/rGO has achieved a rod like morphology which was anchored and tangled over sheet like rGO. XRD results exhibit a cubic structure of Mn-2 SnO4/rGO which is compared with the crystal structure as a polyhedral structure. All the recognized elements present in Mn-2 SnO4/rGO was confirmed with XPS and EDAX analysis. Mn-2 SnO4/rGO/GCE experienced excellent electron mediating behavior with higher potent for the simultaneous oxidation of ACAP and CIP. The oxidation peak current had linear dependency over the concentrations of ACAP and CIP, ranging from 0.049 to 890 mu M for simultaneous addition. While, the linear range was from 0.049 to 880 mu M for ACAP continuous addition (CIP-constant) and 0.049 to 850 mu M when CIP added (ACAP-constant) linearly. The novelty of the present work is the limit of detection for individual detection was 0.013 mu M (ACAP) and 0.022 mu M (CIP) while for simultaneous detection attained about 0.0139 mu M ACAP and CIP 0.023 mu M which is lesser when compared with the other reports. Moreover, the real-time analysis was carried in several real samples as biological fluids, pharmaceutical and environmental samples using DPV. Designing a novel material with low cost effectiveness enriched with excellent characters is more influential in electrochemical studies. (C) 2021 Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Automated summary

In this study, simultaneous electrochemical sensing of acetaminophen (ACAP) and ciprofloxacin (CIP) was achieved using Mn-2 SnO4/rGO on a glassy carbon electrode. The Mn-2 SnO4/rGO exhibited excellent electron mediating behavior and demonstrated the ability to oxidize both ACAP and CIP. The detection limits for simultaneous detection were lower compared to previous reports, making this method promising for applications in various real samples.