Modelling normal and nephrotic axial uptake of albumin and other filtered proteins along the proximal tubule

Recent studies indicate that filtered albumin is retrieved in the proximal tubule (PT) via three pathways: receptor-mediated endocytosis via cubilin (high affinity) and megalin (low affinity), and fluid-phase uptake. Expression of megalin is required to maintain all three pathways, making it challenging to determine their respective contributions. Moreover, uptake of filtered molecules varies between the sub-segments (S1, S2 and S3) that make up the PT. Here we used new and published data to develop a mathematical model that predicts the rates of albumin uptake in mouse PT sub-segments in normal and nephrotic states, and partially accounts for competition by beta(2)-microglobulin (beta 2m) and immunoglobulin G (IgG). Our simulations indicate that receptor-mediated, rather than fluid-phase, uptake accounts for the vast majority of ligand recovery. Our model predicts that similar to 75% of normally filtered albumin is reabsorbed via cubilin; however, megalin-mediated uptake predominates under nephrotic conditions. Our results also suggest that similar to 80% of albumin is normally recovered in S1, whereas nephrotic conditions or knockout of cubilin shifts the bulk of albumin uptake to S2. The model predicts beta 2m and IgG axial recovery profiles qualitatively similar to those of albumin under normal conditions. In contrast with albumin, however, the bulk of IgG and beta 2m uptake still occurs in S1 under nephrotic conditions. Overall, our model provides a kinetic rationale for why tubular proteinuria can occur even though a large excess in potential PT uptake capacity exists, and suggests testable predictions to expand our understanding of the recovery profile of filtered proteins along the PT. Key points We used new and published data to develop a mathematical model that predicts the profile of albumin uptake in the mouse proximal tubule in normal and nephrotic states, and partially accounts for competitive inhibition of uptake by normally filtered and pathological ligands. Three pathways, consisting of high-affinity uptake by cubilin receptors, low-affinity uptake by megalin receptors and fluid phase uptake, contribute to the overall retrieval of filtered proteins. The axial profile and efficiency of protein uptake depend on the initial filtrate composition and the individual protein affinities for megalin and cubilin. Under normal conditions, the majority of albumin is retrieved in sub-segment S1 but shifts to sub-segment S2 under nephrotic conditions. Other proteins exhibit different uptake profiles. Our model explains how tubular proteinuria can occur despite a large excess in potential proximal tubule uptake capacity.

Automated summary

Recent research shows that filtered albumin is mainly retrieved in proximal tubule through receptor-mediated endocytosis. A mathematical model is developed to predict the rates of albumin uptake and suggests that megalin-mediated uptake predominates under nephrotic conditions. The majority of albumin is reabsorbed in the S1 sub-segment.