Membranes Are Decisive for Maximum Freezing Efficiency of Bacterial Ice Nucleators

Ice-nucleating proteins (INPs) from Pseudomonas syringae are among the most active ice nucleators known, enabling ice formation at temperatures close to the melting point of water. The working mechanisms of INPs remain elusive, but their ice nucleation activity has been proposed to depend on the ability to form large INP aggregates. Here, we provide experimental evidence that INPs alone are not sufficient to achieve maximum freezing efficiency and that intact membranes are critical. Ice nucleation measurements of phospholipids and lipopolysaccharides show that these membrane components are not part of the active nucleation site but rather enable INP assembly. Substantially improved ice nucleation by INP assemblies is observed for deuterated water, indicating stabilization of assemblies by the stronger hydrogen bonds of D2O. Together, these results show that the degree of order/disorder and the assembly size are critically important in determining the extent to which bacterial INPs can facilitate ice nucleation.

Automated summary

Research shows that ice-nucleating proteins alone are not enough to achieve maximum freezing efficiency. Intact cell membranes play a critical role, and components like phospholipids and lipopolysaccharides enable the assembly of INPs. Additionally, the size and level of order/disorder in these assemblies are crucial in determining bacterial INPs' ability to facilitate ice nucleation.