Related references
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Review
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Summary: Sexual differentiation of the human brain is influenced by steroid hormones during specific developmental periods, with typical male characteristics developing under testosterone influence and typical female characteristics potentially being influenced by estradiol. Clinical data suggest a significant role of androgens in inducing typical male neural characteristics in humans, while estrogen may not play a clear role in masculinizing the human brain.
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Summary: This article reviews the history of neuroactive steroids as anesthetics in humans and animal models, discusses their diverse mechanisms of action, and explores their neuroprotective properties.
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Summary: Trauma-focused psychotherapies are generally effective in treating PTSD, but not all patients see significant improvement. This review explores the relationship between deficient GABAergic neurosteroid metabolites and PTSD symptoms, as well as the importance of learning and memory processes in PTSD recovery. It also discusses potential therapeutic impacts of certain compounds and identifies future research directions.
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Summary: Social recognition is crucial for appropriate behaviors in most social species, with oxytocin and arginine vasopressin identified as key mediators of social cognition in males and females. Sex differences in social cognitive behaviors underscore the complex interaction between oxytocin, arginine vasopressin, and sex steroids, influencing social recognition and related behaviors in a sex-specific manner.
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Summary: Sex steroids regulate hippocampal plasticity and memory in a sex-dependent manner. Arc/Arg3.1 expression in hippocampal neurons is sex-dependently regulated by sex steroids, with upregulation in female neurons after application of E-2 and in male neurons after application of DHT. These findings suggest the potentially important role of Arc/Arg3.1 in sex steroid-induced synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus.
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Summary: Puberty is a crucial biological process involving sexual and somatic maturation, regulated by genetic, endogenous, and environmental factors. Recent research has revealed the essential roles of kisspeptins and neurokinin B in modulating the signaling pathways of pubertal maturation, as well as the effects of melanocortins and metabolic sensors. Precocious puberty, primarily affecting females, can be caused by alterations in the central nervous system and genetic mutations, such as those in the MKRN3 gene. Understanding the genotype-phenotype relationship in patients with precocious puberty is important for further research.
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Summary: Neurosteroids, such as allopregnanolone, are key modulators of neuronal excitability in the brain and have shown to be effective in treating disorders like catamenial epilepsy and postpartum depression. By interacting with GABA(A) receptors, neurosteroids have demonstrated anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, antistress, and neuroprotectant properties, making them promising therapeutic agents for various neuroendocrine disorders. Advances in understanding neurosteroids have opened up new possibilities for drug discovery and treatment of complex brain disorders.
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Endocrinology & Metabolism
Torbjorn Backstrom et al.
Summary: GABA is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain, and Allopregnanolone (Allo) is a steroid that modulates the GABA(A) receptor, affecting mood, memory, and food intake. While Allo is generally considered to be anxiolytic and anti-depressant, studies have shown that it may have paradoxical effects in certain individuals. A new substance, Isoallopregnanolone (Isoallo), has been discovered to function as a GABA(A) receptor modulating steroid antagonist (GAMSA).
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Marco Bortolato et al.
Summary: The neurosteroid allopregnanolone has diverse effects in the central nervous system, including neuroprotection, anti-inflammatory functions, and mood regulation. Research suggests that it may have rapid, potent antidepressant properties but could also lead to tic-like manifestations, indicating a need for further investigation into its mechanisms.
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Summary: Pregnenolone, a steroid synthesized from cholesterol in various sites including the brain, has gained interest in recent years as a biomarker for brain-related disorders. Its specific interactions with the type-1 cannabinoid receptor (CB1R) have opened up opportunities for therapeutic development in CB1-related disorders. This steroid also acts as a negative allosteric modulator and specific signalling inhibitor of CB1R, providing potential for innovative therapeutic strategies.
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Summary: The rise of ketamine and brexanolone as rapid antidepressant treatments has prompted research into their common mechanisms. These drugs have distinct characteristics compared to traditional antidepressants in terms of onset time and duration of effect. Based on existing studies, network disinhibition and increased high-frequency oscillations are potential mechanisms underlying the acute effects of rapid antidepressants.
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Summary: This study explores the beneficial effects of Pregnenolone methyl-ether (PME) in major depressive disorders and CDKL5 deficiency disorder, linking its impact on microtubule dynamics and its potential therapeutic applications for neurological pathologies associated with microtubule defects.
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Summary: The review discusses the synthesis of allopregnanolone in the nervous system, its physiological and neuroprotective effects, as well as its sex-dimorphic nature. Allopregnanolone's low bioavailability and extensive hepatic metabolism limit its use as a drug, leading to proposals for synthetic analogues or alternative therapeutic strategies to increase its levels.
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Summary: Hippocampal neurons have the ability to synthesize sex steroids from cholesterol, with estradiol and testosterone playing important roles in maintaining synaptic transmission and connectivity. The synthesis of these steroids is regulated by internal and external factors, and there are sex-specific differences in how estradiol and dihydrotestosterone affect synaptic functions. The link between GnRH-induced estradiol synthesis and cyclical changes in spine density in the female hippocampus suggests a complex interaction between the hypothalamus and hippocampus in regulating neuronal responses to sex neurosteroids.
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