Journal
JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY
Volume 59, Issue 1, Pages 1-13Publisher
OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC
DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjab077
Keywords
eastern equine encephalitis virus; mosquitoe; vector; northeastern US
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Funding
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [U01CK000509, U50CK000524]
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This review examines the major drivers of eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) outbreaks in the northeastern United States, with Culiseta melanura identified as the main enzootic vector. The sustained resurgence of EEEV outbreaks may be linked to regional landscape and climate changes.
In the current review, we examine the regional history, ecology, and epidemiology of eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) to investigate the major drivers of disease outbreaks in the northeastern United States. EEEV was first recognized as a public health threat during an outbreak in eastern Massachusetts in 1938, but historical evidence for equine epizootics date back to the 1800s. Since then, sporadic disease outbreaks have reoccurred in the Northeast with increasing frequency and northward expansion of human cases during the last 20 yr. Culiseta melanura (Coquillett) (Diptera: Culicidae) serves as the main enzootic vector that drives EEEV transmission among wild birds, but this mosquito species will occasionally feed on mammals. Several species have been implicated as bridge vectors to horses and humans, with Coquilletstidia perturbans (Walker) as a leading suspect based on its opportunistic feeding behavior, vector competence, and high infection rates during recent disease outbreaks. A diversity of bird species are reservoir competent, exposed to EEEV, and serve as hosts for Cs. melanura, with a few species, including the wood thrush (Hiocichia mustelina) and the American robin (Turdus migratorius), contributing disproportionately to virus transmission based on available evidence. The major factors responsible for the sustained resurgence of EEEV are considered and may be linked to regional landscape and climate changes that support higher mosquito densities and more intense virus transmission.
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