Journal
JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL MEDICAL RESEARCH
Volume 50, Issue 1, Pages -Publisher
SAGE PUBLICATIONS LTD
DOI: 10.1177/03000605211053156
Keywords
Group 2 innate lymphoid cell; type 2 immunity; asthma; atopic rhinitis; atopic dermatitis; interleukin; T helper 2 cell
Funding
- Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province [BK20201226]
- Social Development Foundation of Zhenjiang, China [SH2020037]
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The prevalence of allergic diseases has increased due to environmental changes. Type 2 immunity, particularly the ILC2-DC-Th2 axis, plays a crucial role in allergic diseases. ILC2s are activated by cytokines and lipid inflammatory mediators and produce a significant amount of type 2 cytokines. Therapeutic development targeting ILC2-derived cytokines is important in treating type 2-mediated diseases.
The prevalence rate of allergic diseases, such as asthma, atopic rhinitis (AR), and atopic dermatitis (AD), has been significantly increasing over the years because of environmental changes. Type 2 immunity is mediated by allergic inflammation initiated by an innate immune response. This response is orchestrated by type 2 cytokines (interleukin [IL]-4, IL-5, IL-9, and IL-13) together with other cells. The dendritic cell [DC]-T helper 2 (Th2) cell axis is the conventional type 2 immune pathway, and is currently known as the group 2 innate lymphoid cell (ILC2)-DC-Th2 axis that mediates type 2 inflammation. ILC2s strongly mediate type 2 inflammation in allergic diseases. ILC2s are activated by epithelial cell-derived cytokines, such as IL-25 and IL-33, and thymic stromal lymphopoietin. Additionally, ILC2s are activated by mast cell lipid inflammatory mediators, such as cysteinyl leukotrienes and prostaglandin D2. ILC2s produce a large amount of type 2 cytokines. The important role of ILC2s in the pathogenesis of type 2-mediated disease has resulted in ILC2-derived cytokines being a target for therapeutic development. In this review, we discuss type 2 immunity, mainly the ILC2-DC-Th2 axis, and other immune cells, the dominant role of ILC2s in asthma, AR, and AD, and therapeutic targets against type 2 cytokines.
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