Fat-soluble vitamin assessment, deficiency and supplementation in infants with cholestasis

Background Infants with cholestasis are at risk of fat-soluble vitamin deficiency. The present study amied to review practice relating to the assessment, deficiency and supplementation of fat-soluble vitamins in infants with cholestasis. Methods The medical records of all newly diagnosed infants with cholestasis (conjugated bilirubin >17 mmol L-1/>20% total bilirubin) at King's College Hospital between 2017 and 2019 were reviewed. Data extracted included bilirubin, serum vitamin concentrations (A, D, E), international normalised ratio and evidence of supplementation at initial assessment, as well as at 3 and 6 months. Rates of vitamin assessment, deficiency and supplementation were compared using chi-squared or Fisher's exact test. Results In total, 136 infants (87 male) with idiopathic neonatal cholestasis (n = 62), biliary atresia (n = 40) and other aetiology (n = 34) were included. Assessment of serum vitamins (A, D, E) was low (33.3%-52.2%) and deficiency was initially high for vitamin D (60.6%) and vitamin E (70.9%). Supplementation prevalence at initial assessment was high (A, E, K), but dropped significantly at 3 and 6 months for vitamin E (p = 0.003) and vitamin K (p = 0.001), whereas vitamin D supplementation was consistently low throughout (25%-33.3%). Infants with biliary atresia were more likely to have vitamins assessed (3 months), be deficient initially (D, E) and supplemented (E, K) throughout. Supplementation continued in up to 80% of infants despite cholestasis resolving. Conclusions Supplementation was generally high and continued in many despite cholestasis resolving. Deficiency of vitamin D and vitamin E was high at initial assessment, although lower at follow-up. Actual prevalence of deficiency of all vitamins is unknown because monitoring was not consistently performed.

Automated summary

The study found that infants with cholestasis are at risk of fat-soluble vitamin deficiency, particularly in vitamin D and E. The implementation of vitamin supplementation is not standardized, with better performance in vitamin assessment, deficiency, and supplementation observed in infants with biliary atresia.