Journal
JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
Volume 424, Issue -, Pages -Publisher
ELSEVIER
DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127544
Keywords
Impact and fire; Toxicity; Carbon fibre-reinforced composites; Nanocomposite; Graphene oxide
Categories
Funding
- Dstl, UK
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This study investigated the effects of particles released from carbon fiber-reinforced composites made from graphene oxide-reinforced epoxy resin under simultaneous impact and fire conditions. The particles were found to not be cytotoxic but could induce inflammation and oxidative stress responses. However, increased cytotoxicity was observed under certain conditions, potentially due to fiber diameter reduction.
The toxicological profile of particulates released from carbon fibre-reinforced composites (CFC) incorporating nanoadditives, under impact and fire conditions (e.g. aircraft crash), is unknown to date. Our aim was to investigate the effects of simultaneous impact and fire on the physicochemical features of the particles released from CFCs produced from a graphene oxide (GO)-reinforced epoxy resin and the consequences on its toxicological profile. CFC samples with (CFC + GO) or without GO (CFC) were subjected to simultaneous impact and fire through a specific setup. Soot and residues were characterised and their toxicity was compared to that of virgin GO. Virgin GO was not cytotoxic but induced pro-inflammatory and oxidative stress responses. The toxicity profile of CFC was similar for soot and residue: globally not cytotoxic, inducing a pro-inflammatory response and no oxidative stress. However, an increased cytotoxicity at the highest concentration was potentially caused by fibres of reduced diameters or fibril bundles, which were observed only in this condition. While the presence of GO in CFC did not alter the cytotoxicity profile, it seemed to drive the pro-inflammatory and oxidative stress response in soot. On the contrary, in CFC + GO residue the biological activity was decreased due to the physicochemical alterations of the materials.
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