Laboratory and numerical experiments on the near wake of a sphere in a stably stratified ambient

The flow around and behind a sphere in a linear density gradient has served as a model problem for both body-generated wakes in atmospheres and oceans, and as a means of generating a patch of turbulence that then decays in a stratified ambient. Here, experiments and numerical simulations are conducted for 20 values of Reynolds number, Re, and internal Froude number, Fr, where each is varied independently. In all cases, the early wake is affected by the background density gradient, notably in the form of the body-generated lee waves. Mean and fluctuating quantities do not reach similar states, and their subsequent evolution would not be collapsible under any universal scaling. There are five distinguishable flow regimes, which mostly overlap with previous literature based on qualitative visualisations and, in this parameter space, they maintain their distinguishing features up to and including buoyancy times of 20. The possible relation of the low {Re, Fr} flows to their higher {Re, Fr} counterparts is discussed.

Automated summary

The study investigates the flow around and behind a sphere in a linear density gradient, serving as a model problem for body-generated wakes in atmospheres and oceans. Experimental and numerical simulations reveal the early wake affected by the background density gradient, leading to five distinguishable flow regimes that maintain their distinguishing features up to buoyancy times of 20.