4.7 Article

Brine treatment technologies towards minimum/zero liquid discharge and resource recovery: State of the art and techno-economic assessment

Journal

JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
Volume 300, Issue -, Pages -

Publisher

ACADEMIC PRESS LTD- ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113681

Keywords

Brine management; Desalination; Minimum liquid discharge; Salt recovery; Zero liquid discharge

Funding

  1. Partnership for Research and Innovation in the Mediterranean Area (PRIMA) Programme [1823]
  2. Horizon 2020, the European Union's Framework Programme for Research and Innovation

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This paper reviews the current state of the art brine treatment technologies targeting MLD/ZLD and resource recovery, highlighting their advantages and limitations. The right combination of treatment processes can add high value to brine management, shifting the focus towards recovery and reuse, and promoting a more circular economy approach.
ABSTR A C T In the framework of minimum liquid discharge (MLD) or zero liquid discharge (ZLD), sustainable brine man-agement can be achieved via appropriate hybrid treatment technologies that provide water reuse, resource re-covery, energy recovery and even freshwater production. This paper reviews the state of the art brine treatment technologies targeting MLD/ZLD and resource recovery and highlights their advantages and limitations. The right combination of treatment processes can add a high value to the brine management and shift the focus from removal to recovery and reuse point and help to adopt a more circular economy approach. ZLD technologies targets 100% water recovery using both membrane-and thermal-based technologies, while they are often hin-dered by high cost and intensive energy requirement. Meanwhile, the recovery of salts and other resources can partially compensate the operation cost of ZLD processes. MLD is a promising option that achieves up to 95% water recovery by using mainly membrane-based technologies. At this point, feasibility assessment is important to assess the environmental and economic sound of technologies. In the second part, we provide a techno-economic assessment of the most common technologies to provide possible benelits on a desalination plant. In the latter sections, innovative brine treatment schemes are discussed aiming MLD/ZLD, while resource recovery from brine and possible valorization routes of the recovered materials are highlighted to help to reduce the overall costs of the plants and to reach the targets of circular economy.

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