Biogeography of root-associated fungi in foundation grasses of North American plains

Aim Roots and rhizospheres host diverse microbial communities that can influence the fitness, phenotypes, and environmental tolerances of plants. Documenting the biogeography of these microbiomes can detect the potential for a changing environment to disrupt host-microbe interactions, particularly in cases where microbes buffer hosts against abiotic stressors. We evaluated whether root-associated fungi had poleward declines in diversity, tested whether fungal communities in roots shifted near host plant range edges, and determined the relative importance of environmental and host predictors of root fungal community structure. Location North American plains grasslands. Taxon Foundation grasses - Andropogon gerardii, Bouteloua dactyloides, B. eriopoda, B. gracilis, and Schizachyrium scoparium and root fungi. Methods At each of 24 sites representing three replicate 17 degrees-latitudinal gradients, we collected roots from 12 individuals per species along five transects spaced 10 m apart (40 m x 40 m grid). We used next-generation sequencing of ITS2, direct fungal culturing from roots, and microscopy to survey fungi associated with grass roots. Results Root-associated fungi did not follow the poleward declines in diversity documented for many animals and plants. Instead, host plant identity had the largest influence on fungal community structure. Edaphic factors outranked climate or host plant traits as correlates of fungal community structure; however, the relative importance of environmental predictors differed among plant species. As sampling approached host species range edges, fungal composition converged in similarity among individual plants of each grass species. Main conclusions Environmental predictors of root-associated fungi depended strongly on host plant species identity. Biogeographic patterns in fungal composition suggested a homogenizing influence of stressors at host plant range limits. Results predict that communities of non-mycorrhizal, root-associated fungi in the North American plains will be more sensitive to future changes in host plant ranges and edaphic factors than to the direct effects of climate.

Automated summary

Root-associated fungi did not exhibit poleward declines in diversity as seen in many animals and plants, with host plant identity having the greatest influence on fungal community structure. Edaphic factors were more important than climate or host plant traits in determining fungal community structure, with the relative importance of environmental predictors varying among plant species. As sampling approached host species range edges, fungal composition became more similar among individual plants of each grass species, suggesting a homogenizing effect of stressors at host plant range limits.