Smoking status: A tacit screen for postpartum depression in primary care settings

Background: Universal screening for postpartum depression (PPD) remains an unachieved national priority. A tacit screen that requires no additional resources for administration can help to achieve this priority. We examine the predictive utility of using smoking as a tacit screen for PDD. We first establish smoking is a valid proxy for more prominent psychosocial determinants of PPD and is a predictor for PPD. Methods: We analyzed PRAMS data (2012-2015; N-134,435). Time of smoking was categorized as nonsmoker, during the prenatal period, the postpartum, or continuously; PPD was assessed using two PHQ-2 style questions. Results: Compared to nonsmokers, women who smoked only during the prenatal period (OR: 1.41; 95% CI: 1.06 - 1.86), only during the postpartum (OR: 1.33; 95% CI: 1.18 - 1.49), and continuously throughout both periods (OR: 1.54; 95% CI: 1.41 - 1.69) were more likely to experience PPD. Smoking assessed at a prenatal visit (SN: 0.90, SP: 0.21), postpartum visit (SN: 0.86, SP: 0.25), or assessed at both visits (SN: 0.90, SP: 0.19) performed relatively well as a tacit screen for PPD, performing better among unmarried women (SN: 0.75 - 0.81; SP: 0.29 - 0.36). Limitations: In this study, the criterion of positivity used was PRAMS' adapted version of the PHQ-2. This tacit screen may perform differently relative to a clinical diagnosis. Conclusions: Time of smoking predicts risk of PPD and can be used to tacitly screen for PPD with reasonable accuracy without requiring any additional time in settings with limited resources for routine screening of PPD.

Automated summary

Smoking can serve as a tacit screen for postpartum depression, with women who smoke during pregnancy, postpartum, or continuously during both periods being more likely to experience PPD, especially among unmarried women.