Characterizing predictors of non-diabetic kidney disease (NDKD) in diabetic patients

Background Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is the chief cause of renal involvement in diabetic patients. It is primarily a clinical diagnosis. Non-diabetic kidney disease (NDKD) may be missed if they are not biopsied. In this study, we describe the spectrum of NDKD and evaluate the predictors considered for planning a biopsy in diabetic patients with kidney disease. Methods In a retrospective cohort study, diabetic patients who underwent kidney biopsy at our centre between May 2006 and July 2019 were evaluated for NDKD. Results 321 diabetic patients who underwent kidney biopsy were analyzed. Mean age was 49.3 +/- 12.4 years and 71% were males. 75.8% patients had hypertension and 25.2% had diabetic retinopathy. Based on the kidney biopsy, patients were classified as DKD-127 (39.6%), NDKD-179(55.8%) and combined DKD + NDKD-15(4.7%). Overall, the most commonly diagnosed pathology was membranous nephropathy-MN (17%), followed by IgA nephropathy (16.0%) and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis-FSGS (14.9%). In patients with DKD + NDKD, IgA nephropathy (53.3%) was predominant. 165 (51.4%) patients had a diagnosis potentially amenable to a specific therapy. On multivariate analysis, female gender [OR 2.07 (1.08-3.97), p = 0.02], absence of diabetic retinopathy [OR 7.47 (3.71-15), p < 0.001] absence of hypertension [OR 3.17 (1.56-6.45), p = 0.001] and duration of diabetes <= 24 months [OR 3.67(1.97-6.84), p < 0.001], were independent predictors for NDKD while the absence of nephrotic range proteinuria [OR 1.73 (0.98-3.05), p 0.05] showed a trend towards significance. Conclusion Astute use of kidney biopsy can detect potentially treatable NDKD in a large number of diabetic patients with glomerular diseases being the predominant diagnosis. A combination of risk factors needs to be considered to guide the need for kidney biopsy in diabetic patients.

Automated summary

Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is the main cause of renal involvement in diabetic patients, but non-diabetic kidney disease (NDKD) can be missed without biopsy. This study found that over half of diabetic patients undergoing kidney biopsy had NDKD, with membranous nephropathy, IgA nephropathy, and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis being the main pathologies identified. Female gender, absence of diabetic retinopathy, absence of hypertension, and duration of diabetes <= 24 months were independent predictors for NDKD.