Journal
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES
Volume 22, Issue 23, Pages -Publisher
MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/ijms222313141
Keywords
cancer; nanomedicine; extracellular vesicles; Raman scattering; surface-enhanced Raman scattering; spatially offset Raman spectroscopy; nanotheranostics; SERS immunoassay; immuno-SERS microscopy
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Raman scattering is widely used in cancer nanomedicine for its high spatial resolution, chemical specificity, and multiplexity. Recent advancements in Raman spectroscopy have led to the development of various applications in cancer diagnostics and therapy. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is also utilized in cancer nanomedicine for enhanced Raman signals and applications in cancer diagnosis and immunotherapy.
Raman scattering is one of the most used spectroscopy and imaging techniques in cancer nanomedicine due to its high spatial resolution, high chemical specificity, and multiplexity modalities. The flexibility of Raman techniques has led, in the past few years, to the rapid development of Raman spectroscopy and imaging for nanodiagnostics, nanotherapy, and nanotheranostics. This review focuses on the applications of spontaneous Raman spectroscopy and bioimaging to cancer nanotheranostics and their coupling to a variety of diagnostic/therapy methods to create nanoparticle-free theranostic systems for cancer diagnostics and therapy. Recent implementations of confocal Raman spectroscopy that led to the development of platforms for monitoring the therapeutic effects of anticancer drugs in vitro and in vivo are also reviewed. Another Raman technique that is largely employed in cancer nanomedicine, due to its ability to enhance the Raman signal, is surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). This review also explores the applications of the different types of SERS, such as SERRS and SORS, to cancer diagnosis through SERS nanoprobes and the detection of small-size biomarkers, such as exosomes. SERS cancer immunotherapy and immuno-SERS (iSERS) microscopy are reviewed.
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