Journal
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES
Volume 23, Issue 3, Pages -Publisher
MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031461
Keywords
tumor-derived exosomes; tumor microenvironment; immune suppression
Funding
- NIH/NIMHD Accelerating Excellence in Translational Science Pilot Grants [G0814C01, G0812D05]
- NIH/NCI [SC1CA200517, 9 SC1 GM135050-05, 1U54CA14393]
- NIH [1R03CA208221, 1SC1GM121202, 5S21MD000103]
- NIH/NIMHD [U54MD007598]
- Department-of-Defense Breast Cancer Research Program [BC043180]
- NIH/NCATS [CTSI UL1TR000124]
- [NIH/NCI SC1CA200517]
- [NIH/NCATS CTSI UL1TR000124]
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Exosomes are small membrane-bound extracellular vesicles that mediate targeted information transfer by carrying molecular cargo. Tumor-derived exosomes (TEX) differ from normal cell-derived exosomes and have the ability to disrupt receptor discharge and intercellular cross-talk. TEX progressively weakens the immune system defenses by activating suppressive pathways.
Exosomes are a class of small membrane-bound extracellular vesicles released by almost all cell types and present in all body fluids. Based on the studies of exosome content and their interactions with recipient cells, exosomes are now thought to mediate targeted information transfer. Tumor-derived exosomes (TEX) carry a cargo of molecules different from that of normal cell-derived exosomes. TEX functions to mediate distinct biological effects such as receptor discharge and intercellular cross-talk. The immune system defenses, which may initially restrict tumor progression, are progressively blunted by the broad array of TEX molecules that activate suppressive pathways in different immune cells. Herein, we provide a review of the latest research progress on TEX in the context of tumor-mediated immune suppression and discuss the potential as well as challenges of TEX as a target of immunotherapy.
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