Journal
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES
Volume 22, Issue 24, Pages -Publisher
MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413397
Keywords
innate immunity; Toll-like receptors; NOD-like receptors; RIG-I-like receptors; immunotherapy; hematopoietic diseases
Funding
- Ministry of Health from the IT Simple system of Wroclaw Medical University [STM.C140.18.028]
- Wroclaw Medical University
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The innate immune system recognizes pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) through pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), activating immune cells and initiating inflammatory and immune responses. This system also plays a role in cancer immunosurveillance, with potential for natural and synthetic agonists of PRRs to be used as adjuvants in cancer immunotherapies.
The innate immune system plays a pivotal role in the first line of host defense against infections and is equipped with patterns recognition receptors (PRRs) that recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). Several classes of PRRS, including Toll-like receptors (TLRs), NOD-like receptors (NLRs), and RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs) recognize distinct microbial components and directly activate immune cells. TLRs are transmembrane receptors, while NLRs and RLRs are intracellular molecules. Exposure of immune cells to the ligands of these receptors activates intracellular signaling cascades that rapidly induce the expression of a variety of overlapping and unique genes involved in the inflammatory and immune responses. The innate immune system also influences pathways involved in cancer immunosurveillance. Natural and synthetic agonists of TLRs, NLRs, or RLRs can trigger cell death in malignant cells, recruit immune cells, such as DCs, CD8+ T cells, and NK cells, into the tumor microenvironment, and are being explored as promising adjuvants in cancer immunotherapies. In this review, we provide a concise overview of TLRs, NLRs, and RLRs: their structure, functions, signaling pathways, and regulation. We also describe various ligands for these receptors and their possible application in treatment of hematopoietic diseases.
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