Journal
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES
Volume 23, Issue 4, Pages -Publisher
MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/ijms23041980
Keywords
nuclear receptor; FXR; bile acid; Trpm6; small intestine; colon; magnesium
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The FXR receptor is essential for liver function, bile acid synthesis, glucose metabolism, and enzyme activity. Research shows that FXR in intestinal epithelial cells is directly linked to the Mg2+ channel Trpm6, potentially connecting bile acid signaling to Mg2+ homeostasis.
Farnesoid x receptor (FXR) is a nuclear bile acid receptor that belongs to the nuclear receptor superfamily. It plays an essential role in bile acid biosynthesis, lipid and glucose metabolism, liver regeneration, and vertical sleeve gastrectomy. A loss of the FXR gene or dysregulations of FXR-mediated gene expression are associated with the development of progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis, tumorigenesis, inflammation, and diabetes mellitus. Magnesium ion (Mg2+) is essential for mammalian physiology. Over 600 enzymes are dependent on Mg2+ for their activity. Here, we show that the Trpm6 gene encoding a Mg2+ channel is a direct FXR target gene in the intestinal epithelial cells of mice. FXR expressed in the intestinal epithelial cells is absolutely required for sustaining a basal expression of intestinal Trpm6 that can be robustly induced by the treatment of GW4064, a synthetic FXR agonist. Analysis of FXR ChIP-seq data revealed that intron regions of Trpm6 contain two prominent FXR binding peaks. Among them, the proximal peak from the transcription start site contains a functional inverted repeat 1 (IR1) response element that directly binds to the FXR-RXR alpha heterodimer. Based on these results, we proposed that an intestinal FXR-TRPM6 axis may link a bile acid signaling to Mg2+ homeostasis.
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