Journal
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES
Volume 22, Issue 24, Pages -Publisher
MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413311
Keywords
tumor microenvironment; anti-tumor immune responses; immune evasion; immune checkpoint; cytokines; metabolism; antigen presentation; TME targeting therapy
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The TME plays a crucial role in regulating tumor growth and metastasis, with immune escape enabling tumor cells to maintain their proliferation. Novel immunotherapies have been successfully developed based on intensive study of the mechanisms involved in immune evasion, such as membrane-bound and soluble factors.
The tumor microenvironment (TME) is a critical regulator of tumor growth, progression, and metastasis. Since immune cells represent a large fraction of the TME, they play a key role in mediating pro- and anti-tumor immune responses. Immune escape, which suppresses anti-tumor immunity, enables tumor cells to maintain their proliferation and growth. Numerous mechanisms, which have been intensively studied in recent years, are involved in this process and based on these findings, novel immunotherapies have been successfully developed. Here, we review the composition of the TME and the mechanisms by which immune evasive processes are regulated. In detail, we describe membrane-bound and soluble factors, their regulation, and their impact on immune cell activation in the TME. Furthermore, we give an overview of the tumor/antigen presentation and how it is influenced under malignant conditions. Finally, we summarize novel TME-targeting agents, which are already in clinical trials for different tumor entities.
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