Journal
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES
Volume 23, Issue 3, Pages -Publisher
MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031500
Keywords
osteogenesis; bone formation; bone remodeling; bone morphogenic protein; DNA methylation; histone post-translational modifications; non-coding RNA; microRNA; long non-coding RNA; metabolic bone disease; bone disease
Funding
- University of Ferrara FAR grant
- University of Ferrara FIR grant
- Regione Emilia-Romagna POR FESR project NIPROGEN
- MIUR PRIN 2017 [C8RYSS]
- University of Ferrara, FAR grant
- University of Ferrara, FIR grant
- Region Emilia-Romagna, FESR POR NIPROGEN project
- Ministero della Universita e della Ricerca (MUR) PRIN 2017 project
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This article summarizes the genetics and epigenetics of the bone remodeling process, as well as current research findings on the genetics of metabolic bone diseases.
Bone metabolism consists of a balance between bone formation and bone resorption, which is mediated by osteoblast and osteoclast activity, respectively. In order to ensure bone plasticity, the bone remodeling process needs to function properly. Mesenchymal stem cells differentiate into the osteoblast lineage by activating different signaling pathways, including transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta)/bone morphogenic protein (BMP) and the Wingless/Int-1 (Wnt)/beta-catenin pathways. Recent data indicate that bone remodeling processes are also epigenetically regulated by DNA methylation, histone post-translational modifications, and non-coding RNA expressions, such as micro-RNAs, long non-coding RNAs, and circular RNAs. Mutations and dysfunctions in pathways regulating the osteoblast differentiation might influence the bone remodeling process, ultimately leading to a large variety of metabolic bone diseases. In this review, we aim to summarize and describe the genetics and epigenetics of the bone remodeling process. Moreover, the current findings behind the genetics of metabolic bone diseases are also reported.
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