Journal
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LEGAL MEDICINE
Volume 136, Issue 3, Pages 797-810Publisher
SPRINGER
DOI: 10.1007/s00414-021-02746-1
Keywords
Bone age estimation; Pelvis; Image recognition; Deep learning; Convolutional neural networks; Adolescent
Categories
Funding
- National Natural Science Foundation of China [81571859, 81102305, 81701869]
- Shanghai 2019 Science and Technology Innovation Action Plan technical standard project guide [19DZ2201300]
- Science and Technology Committee of Shanghai Municipality [17DZ2273200, 19DZ2292700]
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Segmentation networks can improve the accuracy of pelvic bone age estimation in forensic assessment by automatically locating key pelvic areas and minimizing the influence of constraints like overlapping organs in X-ray images.
In the forensic estimation of bone age, the pelvis is important for identifying the bone age of teenagers. However, studies on this topic remain insufficient as a result of lower accuracy due to the overlapping of pelvic organs in X-ray images. Segmentation networks have been used to automate the location of key pelvic areas and minimize restrictions like doubling images of pelvic organs to increase the accuracy of estimation. This study conducted a retrospective analysis of 2164 pelvis X-ray images of Chinese Han teenagers ranging from 11 to 21 years old. Key areas of the pelvis were detected with a U-Net segmentation network, and the findings were combined with the original X-ray image for regional augmentation. Bone age estimation was conducted with the enhanced and not enhanced pelvis X-ray images by separately using three convolutional neural networks (CNNs). The root mean square errors (RMSE) of the Inception-V3, Inception-ResNet-V2, and VGG19 convolutional neural networks were 0.93 years, 1.12 years, and 1.14 years, respectively, and the mean absolute errors (MAE) of these networks were 0.67 years, 0.77 years, and 0.88 years, respectively. For comparison, a network without segmentation was employed to conduct the estimation, and it was found that the RMSE of the three CNNs above became 1.22 years, 1.25 years, and 1.63 years, respectively, and the MAE became 0.93 years, 0.96 years, and 1.23 years. Bland-Altman plots and attention maps were also generated to provide a visual comparison. The proposed segmentation network can be used to reduce the influence of restrictions like image overlapping of organs and can thus increase the accuracy of pelvic bone age estimation.
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