4.7 Review

Ultra-processed food and risk of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies

Journal

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY
Volume 51, Issue 4, Pages 1120-1141

Publisher

OXFORD UNIV PRESS
DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyab247

Keywords

Ultra-processed food; diabetes; meta-analysis; diabetes mellitus

Funding

  1. National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq)

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This study found that the consumption of ultra-processed foods is positively associated with the risk of type 2 diabetes, with a dose-response effect. Moderate to high consumption of ultra-processed foods can increase the risk of diabetes.
Background The consumption of some food groups is associated with the risk of diabetes. However, there is no evidence from meta-analysis which evaluates the consumption of ultra-processed products in the risk of diabetes. This study aimed to review the literature assessing longitudinally the association between consumption of ultra-processed food and the risk of type 2 diabetes and to quantify this risk through a meta-analysis. Methods We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis with records from PubMed, Latin American and Caribbean Literature in Health Sciences (LILACS), Scielo, Scopus, Embase, and Web of Science. We included longitudinal studies assessing ultra-processed foods and the risk of type 2 diabetes. The review process was conducted independently by two reviewers. The Newcastle Ottawa scale assessed the quality of the studies. A meta-analysis was conducted to assess the effect of moderate and high consumption of ultra-processed food on the risk of diabetes. Results In total 2272 records were screened, of which 18 studies, including almost 1.1 million individuals, were included in this review and 72% showed a positive association between ultra-processed foods and the risk of diabetes. According to the studies included in the meta-analysis, compared with non-consumption, moderate intake of ultra-processed food increased the risk of diabetes by 12% [relative risk (RR): 1.12; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.06-1.17, I-2 = 24%], whereas high intake increased risk by 31% (RR: 1.31; 95% CI: 1.21-1.42, I-2 = 60%). Conclusions The consumption of ultra-processed foods increased the risk for type 2 diabetes as dose-response effect, with moderate to high credibility of evidence.

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