Moisture sources for the weather pattern classified extreme precipitation in the first rainy season over South China

Moisture transport, associated with moisture sources and synoptic-scale weather conditions, is a key dynamic process of precipitation events. Using the K-means clustering method and the FLEXPART Lagrangian particle dispersion model, this paper investigates moisture contributions from different source regions to extreme precipitation in the first rainy season (hereafter FRS) over South China. In average, land regions contribute more to the FRS extreme precipitation over South China than the ocean regions. The main source regions are Southeast Asia (22.7%), South China (17.2%), the South China Sea (14.3%), and the Bay of Bengal (8.3%). Extreme precipitation events are classified into three types by the K-means clustering based on 850 hPa geopotential height, which are all characterized by an anomalous low-pressure system over South China with varying intensity and locations. The distribution of geopotential height anomaly for Type I (30.3%) is characterized the low trough extending from Japan to South China, while Type II (42.5%) and Type III (27.2%) are characterized by west negative-east positive and north positive-south negative patterns over East Asia with anomalous cyclone over South China, respectively. The much larger contribution of land sources than ocean regions are mainly concentrated in Type I and Type III, of which the contribution from each source region is similar. Ocean sources play a more important role in Type II and are mainly from the Indian Ocean (16.2%) associated with the onset of South China Sea summer monsoon.

Automated summary

This study investigates the moisture contributions and characteristics of extreme precipitation during the first rainy season in South China. The results show that land regions contribute more to extreme precipitation than ocean regions, and different types of extreme precipitation have different characteristics. This research is important for understanding the formation mechanisms and prediction of extreme precipitation events in South China.