Adaptations to haematophagy: Investigations on how male and female Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae) deal with human complement activation after a blood meal

Culex quinquefasciatus is a mosquito species with an anthropophilic habit, often associated with areas with poor sanitation in tropical and urban regions. Adult males and females feed on sugars but only females feed on blood in natural conditions for egg maturation. During haematophagy, female C. quinquefasciatus transmit pathogens such as the West Nile virus, Oropouche virus, various encephalitis viruses, and Wuchereria bancrofti to human hosts. It has been observed in laboratory conditions that male C. quinquefasciatus may feed on blood during an artificial feed. Experiments were carried out to understand how males and females of this species deal with human complement activation. Our results showed that female C. quinquefasciatus, but not males, withstand the stress caused by the ingestion of normal human serum. It was observed that the salivary gland extracts from female mosquitoes were able to inhibit the classical and lectin pathways, whereas male salivary gland extracts only inhibited the lectin pathway. The male and female intestinal contents inhibited the classical and lectin pathways. Neither the salivary glands nor the intestinal contents from males and females showed inhibitory activity towards the alternative pathway. However, the guts of male and female C. quinquefasciatus captured factor H from the human serum, permitting C3b inactivation to its inactive form iC3b, and preventing the formation of the C3 convertase. The activity of the antioxidant enzyme catalase is similar in C. quinquefasciatus females and males. This article shows for the first time that males from a haematophagous arthropod species present human anti-complement activity in their salivary gland extracts and gut contents. The finding of an activity that helps to protect the damage caused by blood ingestion in sugar-feeding male mosquitoes suggests that this may be a pre-adaptation to blood-feeding.

Automated summary

Culex quinquefasciatus, a mosquito species with anthropophilic behavior, predominantly found in tropical and urban regions with poor sanitation, transmits pathogens like West Nile virus and encephalitis viruses to human hosts through blood-feeding females. Research suggests that males of this species may possess anti-complement activity when consuming blood, potentially serving as a pre-adaptation to blood-feeding.