Journal
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING
Volume 69, Issue 1, Pages 286-293Publisher
IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC
DOI: 10.1109/TBME.2021.3092437
Keywords
Magnetometers; Magnetic resonance imaging; Probes; Magnetic separation; Magnetosphere; Laparoscopes; Lymph nodes; Laparoscopic differential magnetometer; laparoscopic surgery; magnetic detection; magnetic nanoparticle; sentinel lymph node; SPION
Categories
Funding
- Netherlands Organization for scientific Research (NWO), under the research program Magnetic Sensing for Laparoscopy (MagLap) [14322]
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This study reports a new laparoscopic technique for lymph node harvesting using magnetic nanoparticles, and evaluates its clinical relevance and potential for further technological development.
Objective: Sentinel lymph node harvesting is an essential step in the surgical treatment of a growing number of malignancies. Various techniques are available to facilitate this purpose. The present study reports a new laparoscopic technique for lymph node harvesting using magnetic nanoparticles containing a superparamagnetic iron-oxide core and dextran coating. This study assesses the clinical relevance of the prototype and provides input for further technological development on the way to clinical implementation. Methods: A laparoscopic differential magnetometer prototype was built, utilizing a nonlinear detection principle (differential magnetometry) for magnetic identification of lymph nodes. The iron content sensitivity, depth & spatial sensitivity, and angular sensitivity were analyzed to investigate clinical options. Results: The minimum detectable amount of iron was 9.8 mu g at a distance of 1 mm. The detection depth was 5, 8, and 10 mm for samples containing 126, 252, and 504 mu g iron, respectively. The maximum lateral detection distance was 5, 7, and 8 mm for samples containing 126, 252, and 504 mu g iron, respectively. A sample containing 504 mu g iron was detectable at all angulations assessed (0 degrees, 30 degrees, 60 degrees and 90 degrees). Conclusion: The laparoscopic differential magnetometer demonstrates promising results for further investigation and development towards laparoscopic lymph node harvesting using magnetic nanoparticles. Significance: The laparoscopic differential magnetometer facilitates a novel method for sentinel lymph node harvesting, which helps to determine prognosis and treatment of cancer patients.
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