Journal
IEEE GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING LETTERS
Volume 18, Issue 12, Pages 2157-2161Publisher
IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC
DOI: 10.1109/LGRS.2020.3015149
Keywords
Time series analysis; Spatiotemporal phenomena; Image reconstruction; Covariance matrices; Remote sensing; Correlation; Matrix decomposition; Covariance; displacement time series; empirical orthogonal function (EOF); gap-filling
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Funding
- Program National de Teledetection Spatiale (PNTS) [PNTS-2019-11]
- Universite Savoie Mont Blanc
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Missing data can impede the investigation of remotely sensed displacement measurement. A data-driven spatiotemporal gap-filling method was proposed to reconstruct incomplete displacement data, showing improved accuracy in challenging cases.
Missing data is a critical pitfall in the investigation of remotely sensed displacement measurement because it prevents from a full understanding of the physical phenomenon under observation. In the sight of reconstructing incomplete displacement data, this letter presents a data-driven spatiotemporal gap-filling method, which is an extension of the expectation-maximization-empirical orthogonal function (EM-EOF) method. The presented method decomposes an augmented spatiotemporal covariance of a displacement time series into EOF modes and then selects the optimal set of EOF modes to reconstruct the time series. This selection is based on the cross-validation root-mean-square error and a confidence index associated with each eigenvalue. The estimated missing values are then iteratively updated until convergence. Results on displacement time series derived from cross correlation of Sentinel-2 optical images over Fox Glacier in New-Zealand's Alps show that the reconstruction accuracy is improved compared with the EM-EOF method. The proposed extension can tackle challenging cases, i.e., short time series with heterogeneous displacement behaviors corrupted by a large amount of missing data and noise.
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