4.6 Article

Unlocking the potential of deep learning for marine ecology: overview, applications, and outlook

Journal

ICES JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE
Volume 79, Issue 2, Pages 319-336

Publisher

OXFORD UNIV PRESS
DOI: 10.1093/icesjms/fsab255

Keywords

artificial intelligence; ecosystem-based management; machine learning; marine bioacoustics; marine monitoring

Funding

  1. Norwegian Research Council HAVBRUK2 innovation project CreateView Project [309784]
  2. James S. McDonnell Foundation 21st Century Postdoctoral Fellowship [220020556]
  3. Handelens Miljofond

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The application of deep learning (DL) is being explored and utilized in the field of marine ecology. New methods allow for real-time analysis of data from sensors, cameras, and acoustic recorders, enabling the identification and classification of species and the detection of patterns in noisy data. This has the potential to address challenges in marine ecology.
The deep learning (DL) revolution is touching all scientific disciplines and corners of our lives as a means of harnessing the power of big data. Marine ecology is no exception. New methods provide analysis of data from sensors, cameras, and acoustic recorders, even in real time, in ways that are reproducible and rapid. Off-the-shelf algorithms find, count, and classify species from digital images or video and detect cryptic patterns in noisy data. These endeavours require collaboration across ecological and data science disciplines, which can be challenging to initiate. To promote the use of DL towards ecosystem-based management of the sea, this paper aims to bridge the gap between marine ecologists and computer scientists. We provide insight into popular DL approaches for ecological data analysis, focusing on supervised learning techniques with deep neural networks, and illustrate challenges and opportunities through established and emerging applications of DL to marine ecology. We present case studies on plankton, fish, marine mammals, pollution, and nutrient cycling that involve object detection, classification, tracking, and segmentation of visualized data. We conclude with a broad outlook of the field's opportunities and challenges, including potential technological advances and issues with managing complex data sets.

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