Journal
FUEL
Volume 310, Issue -, Pages -Publisher
ELSEVIER SCI LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.fuel.2021.122343
Keywords
Biodiesel; Transesterification; Enzyme combination; Two-stage packed-bed reactor
Categories
Funding
- Brazilian Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES) [001]
- Sao Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP) [2016/10636 2016/10636 8]
- Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) [433248/2018]
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This study successfully produced biodiesel from palm kernel oil that meets EN 14214 standards by catalyzing transesterification with a combination of lipases from different sources. The process resulted in high yield, low impurities, and compliance with quality specifications.
Technically and economically viable production processes are frequently reported, but products often fail to meet EN 14214 specifications. This study aimed to investigate the transesterification of palm kernel oil catalyzed by a combination of lipases from different sources and produce biodiesel in accordance with current quality standards. Transesterification reactions were first carried out in a stirred batch reactor at 45 degrees C using an oil:alcohol molar ratio of 1:8. In batch runs, a 50:50 mixture of Burkholderia cepacia lipase and Thermomyces lanuginosus lipase immobilized onto a silica hydroxyethylcellulose matrix resulted in the highest fatty acid ethyl ester yield (98%) and a decrease in kinematic viscosity from 30.35 to 4.00 mm(2) s(-1). The product had undetectable levels of DAG and low content of MAG (1.68 wt%). The enzymes were then packed separately in a continuous two-stage reactor operating at different space times (16 and 14 h) and oil/alcohol molar ratios (1:12, 1:10, and 1:8). The highest volumetric productivity (415.3 mu mol gcat(-1) h(-1)) was achieved using an oil/alcohol molar ratio of 1:8 and space-time of 16 h. The biodiesel had an alkyl ester content above 98%, a MAG content of less than 0.7 wt%, undetectable DAG content, and kinematic viscosity of 4.22 +/- 0.25 mm(2) s(-1), thereby complying with EN 14214.
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