Pathways to a forest-based bioeconomy in 2060 within policy targets on climate change mitigation and biodiversity protection

While climate change and biodiversity loss have exposed humanity to major systemic risks, policymakers in more than 40 countries have proposed the transition from a fossil-based to a bio-based economy as a solution to curb the risks. In the boreal region, forests have a prominent role in contributing to bioeconomy development; however, forest-based bioeconomy transition pathways towards sustainability and the required actions have not yet been identified. Participatory backcasting was employed in this study to 'negotiate' such pathways among Finnish stakeholders by 2060 in three forest-based value networks: forest biorefineries, fibre-based packaging and wooden multistorey construction. There are many alternative pathways, ranging from incremental to more radical, to a forest-based bioeconomy within a framework of ambitious climate and biodiversity targets. Path dependence can support incremental development on bioeconomy transition pathways, and this should be considered when planning transition towards sustainability. Orchestration of the more radical changes requires actions from legislators, raw material producers, consumers and researchers, because the possibilities for business development vary between different companies and value networks. The envisioned actions between the pathways in and across the networks, such as forest diversification and diverse wood utilisation, can offer cobenefits in climate change mitigation and biodiversity protection.

Automated summary

Climate change and biodiversity loss have heightened systemic risks for humanity, leading policymakers in over 40 countries to propose transitioning towards a bio-based economy from fossil fuels as a solution. In Finland, participatory backcasting was used to negotiate forest-based bioeconomy pathways with stakeholders, such as forest biorefineries and wooden construction, towards sustainability by 2060. The pathways range from incremental to radical changes, and an orchestration of actions from legislators, producers, consumers, and researchers is required to achieve ambitious climate and biodiversity goals.