4.6 Article

Rich resource environment of fish farms facilitates phenotypic variation and virulence in an opportunistic fish pathogen

Journal

EVOLUTIONARY APPLICATIONS
Volume 15, Issue 3, Pages 417-428

Publisher

WILEY
DOI: 10.1111/eva.13355

Keywords

aquaculture; bacterium; colony type; fish diseases; phenotypic variation

Funding

  1. Jane ja Aatos Erkon Saatio
  2. Academy of Finland [304615, 252411, 266879, 314939, 7128888]
  3. Suomen Kulttuurirahasto
  4. Academy of Finland (AKA) [304615, 304615] Funding Source: Academy of Finland (AKA)

Ask authors/readers for more resources

This study found that the intensive farming environment induces higher phenotypic variation in fish pathogens compared to the natural environment. The study also observed that phenotypic variation is driven by the exploitation of increased outside-host resources at farms. Furthermore, the study suggests that environmental conditions at fish farms could select isolates with high phenotypic variation in bacterial population and thus affect the evolution of F. columnare at fish farms.
Phenotypic variation is suggested to facilitate the persistence of environmentally growing pathogens under environmental change. Here, we hypothesized that the intensive farming environment induces higher phenotypic variation in microbial pathogens than natural environment, because of high stochasticity for growth and stronger survival selection compared to the natural environment. We tested the hypothesis with an opportunistic fish pathogen Flavobacterium columnare isolated either from fish farms or from natural waters. We measured growth parameters of two morphotypes from all isolates in different resource concentrations and two temperatures relevant for the occurrence of disease epidemics at farms and tested their virulence using a zebrafish (Danio rerio) infection model. According to our hypothesis, isolates originating from the fish farms had higher phenotypic variation in growth between the morphotypes than the isolates from natural waters. The difference was more pronounced in higher resource concentrations and the higher temperature, suggesting that phenotypic variation is driven by the exploitation of increased outside-host resources at farms. Phenotypic variation of virulence was not observed based on isolate origin but only based on morphotype. However, when in contact with the larger fish, the less virulent morphotype of some of the isolates also had high virulence. As the less virulent morphotype also had higher growth rate in outside-host resources, the results suggest that both morphotypes can contribute to F. columnare epidemics at fish farms, especially with current prospects of warming temperatures. Our results suggest that higher phenotypic variation per se does not lead to higher virulence, but that environmental conditions at fish farms could select isolates with high phenotypic variation in bacterial population and hence affect evolution in F. columnare at fish farms. Our results highlight the multifaceted effects of human-induced environmental alterations in shaping epidemiology and evolution in microbial pathogens.

Authors

I am an author on this paper
Click your name to claim this paper and add it to your profile.

Reviews

Primary Rating

4.6
Not enough ratings

Secondary Ratings

Novelty
-
Significance
-
Scientific rigor
-
Rate this paper

Recommended

No Data Available
No Data Available