Early Intervention in Psychosis services: A systematic review and narrative synthesis of the barriers and facilitators to implementation

Background Early intervention in psychosis (EIP) services target the early manifestation of psychosis and provide multidisciplinary care. They demonstrate effectiveness and cost-effectiveness. Implementation of EIP services is inconsistent and piecemeal. This systematic review and narrative synthesis aims to identify barriers and facilitators to EIP service implementation. Methods We conducted an electronic search of databases (EMBASE, Medline, Web of Science, and PsychINFO) to detect papers reporting EIP service implementation findings and associated barriers and facilitators. The search occurred between June to August 2020, and again in January 2021. Articles meeting inclusion criteria were extracted and narratively synthesized. A quality assessment was conducted using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool. Results Twenty-three studies were selected. The most common study design was descriptive accounts of implementation. Patient age ranged varied from 14 to 35 years. We identified three barrier and facilitator domains: (a) system; (b) services; and (c) staff, and a range of subdomains. The most frequent subdomains were funding and strength of collaboration and communication between EIP and outside groups and services. Associations between domains and subdomains were evident, particularly between systems and services. Conclusions A range of barriers and facilitators to EIP implementation exist. Some of these are generic factors germane across health systems and services, while others are specific to EIP services. A thorough prior understanding of these challenges and enablers are necessary before implementation is attempted. Accounting for these issues within local and national contexts may help predict and increase the likelihood of services' success, stability, and longevity.

Automated summary

This study identified a range of barriers and facilitators to the implementation of Early Intervention in Psychosis (EIP) services, categorized into three main domains: system, services, and staff, with various subdomains such as funding, collaboration, and communication. There were evident associations between the domains and subdomains, particularly between systems and services. Prior understanding of these challenges and enablers is crucial before attempting implementation to predict and increase the likelihood of success, stability, and longevity of services.