Journal
ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY
Volume 37, Issue 3, Pages 468-477Publisher
WILEY
DOI: 10.1002/tox.23413
Keywords
chlorobromoisocyanuric acid; developmental toxicity; immunotoxicity; oxidative stress; zebrafish
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Funding
- Natural Science Foundation Project of Jiangxi Province [2018ACB21033]
- Postdoctoral Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province [2019KY20, 2018RC15]
- China Postdoctoral Foundation [2019M652269]
- National Natural Science Foundation of China [31771606]
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The study showed that chlorobromoisocyanuric acid induced immune cell reduction, thymus shrinkage, upregulation of pro-inflammatory response, and oxidative stress in zebrafish. However, the antioxidant astaxanthin could significantly alleviate these toxic effects.
Although chlorobromoisocyanuric acid has been widely used in agriculture, its deleterious toxicity on aquatic organisms remains rare. In this study, zebrafish were exposed to chlorobromoisocyanuric acid (0, 30, 40, and 50 mg/L) from 10 to 96 h post-fertilization (hpf). We found a significant reduction in immune cell numbers (neutrophils and macrophages) and the area of thymus at 96 hpf. The expression of immune-related genes and pro-inflammatory cytokines genes were upregulated. Besides, chlorobromoisocyanuric acid triggered neutrophils cell apoptosis. The mRNA and protein levels of pro-apoptotic p53 pathway and the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio further indicated the underlying mechanism. Furthermore, the oxidative stress was observed that the accumulation of reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde significantly increased. Subsequently, the antioxidant agent astaxanthin significantly attenuated the level of oxidative stress and the dysregulation of inflammatory response. In summary, our results showed that chlorobromoisocyanuric acid induced developmental defects and immunotoxicity of zebrafish, partly owing to oxidative stress and cell apoptosis.
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