Journal
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH
Volume 29, Issue 17, Pages 24983-24994Publisher
SPRINGER HEIDELBERG
DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-17515-1
Keywords
Ionic liquids; Ecotoxicity; Smart electrolyte; Microtox(R)
Categories
Funding
- Springer Nature
- Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness
- FEDER Program [MAT2017-89239-C2-1-P]
- Xunta de Galicia [GRC ED431C 2020/10]
- Galician Network of Ionic Liquids (ReGaLIs) [ED431D 2017/06]
- FPI program from the Spanish Ministry of Science, Education and Universities
- I2C postdoctoral program of the Xunta de Galicia
- CRUE-CSIC agreement
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The study found that aprotic ILs are more toxic than protic ILs, and aromatic ILs are more toxic than non-aromatic ILs. Mixing inorganic salts with ILs, especially certain salts like Al(NO3)(3)center dot 9H(2)O, significantly increases toxicity levels.
The applicability of ionic liquids (ILs) has increased over the last years, and even new opportunities are becoming a reality, i.e. mixtures of pure IL and inorganic salt as electrolytes for smart electrochemical devices, yet the effects on the environment are almost unknown. In this work, the ecotoxicity of two pure protic ILs (Ethylammonium nitrate and Ethylimidazolium nitrate) and two pure aprotic ILs (butylmethylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide and butyldimethylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide) and that of their binary mixtures with inorganic salts with common cation was tested towards changes in the bioluminescence of the bacteria Aliivibrio fischeri, using the Microtox (R) standard toxicity test. EC50 of these mixtures was determined over three standard periods of time and compared with the corresponding values to pure ILs. Results indicate that the aprotic ILs are more toxic than protic and that aromatic are more toxic than non-aromatic. The addition of inorganic mono (LiNO3), di (Ca(NO3)(2)center dot 4H(2)O, Mg(NO3)(2)center dot 6H(2)O) and trivalent (Al(NO3)(3)center dot 9H(2)O) salts in binary mixtures with EAN was analysed first. The latter was found to induce an important increase in toxicity. Finally, mixtures of IL-inorganic lithium salt (LiNO3, for the protic ILs and LiTFSI for the aprotic ILs) toxicity was also studied, which showed toxicity levels strongly dependent on the IL of the mixture.
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