Journal
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH
Volume 28, Issue 46, Pages 64967-64986Publisher
SPRINGER HEIDELBERG
DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-16805-y
Keywords
Heavy metal stress; Metal transporters; Metal-binding proteins; Signaling pathway; Transgenic plants; Phytoremediation
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Funding
- Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research of Tunisia
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The toxicity of metals negatively impacts plants' growth and productivity, leading to various disruptions. Plants employ efficient mechanisms through signaling pathways to combat this stress, involving metal transporters and metal-binding proteins for detoxification. Further research on the molecular basis of metal toxicity and tolerance mechanisms is crucial for genetic engineering to produce transgenic plants that enhance phytoremediation techniques.
Among abiotic stress, the toxicity of metals impacts negatively on plants' growth and productivity. This toxicity promotes various perturbations in plants at different levels. To withstand stress, plants involve efficient mechanisms through the implication of various signaling pathways. These pathways enhance the expression of many target genes among them gene coding for metal transporters. Various metal transporters which are localized at the plasma membrane and/or at the tonoplast are crucial in metal stress response. Furthermore, metal detoxification is provided by metal-binding proteins like phytochelatins and metallothioneins. The understanding of the molecular basis of metal toxicities signaling pathways and tolerance mechanisms is crucial for genetic engineering to produce transgenic plants that enhance phytoremediation. This review presents an overview of the recent advances in our understanding of metal stress response. Firstly, we described the effect of metal stress on plants. Then, we highlight the mechanisms involved in metal detoxification and the importance of the regulation in the response to heavy metal stress. Finally, we mentioned the importance of genetic engineering for enhancing the phytoremediation technique. In the end, the response to heavy metal stress is complex and implicates various components. Thus, further studies are needed to better understand the mechanisms involved in response to this abiotic stress.
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