Journal
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
Volume 55, Issue 21, Pages 14968-14978Publisher
AMER CHEMICAL SOC
DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c03517
Keywords
pH sensors; spectrophotometric; deep ocean; autonomous platforms; mCP; lab-on-a-chip; ocean acidification
Categories
Funding
- European Union [654462, 633211, 61414]
- National Environment Research Council UK [NE/P02081X/1, NE/R015953/1]
- China Scholarship Council [201306320178]
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The new autonomous Lab-on-Chip microfluidic pH sensor offers high precision and frequency measurements for deep ocean environments, with accuracy validated across varying environmental conditions.
We report a new, autonomous Lab-on-Chip (LOC) microfluidic pH sensor with a 6000 m depth capability, ten times the depth capability of the state of the art autonomous spectrophotometric sensor. The pH is determined spectrophotometrically using purified meta-Cresol Purple indicator dye offering high precision (<0.001 pH unit measurement reproducibility), high frequency (every 8 min) measurements on the total proton scale from the surface to the deep ocean (to 600 bar). The sensor requires low power (3 W during continuous operation or similar to 1300 J per measurement) and low reagent volume (similar to 3 mu L per measurement) and generates small waste volume (similar to 2 mL per measurement) which can be retained during deployments. The performance of the LOC pH sensor was demonstrated on fixed and moving platforms over varying environmental salinity, temperature, and pressure conditions. Measurement accuracy was +0.003 +/- 0.022 pH units (n = 47) by comparison with validation seawater sample measurements in coastal waters. The combined standard uncertainty of the sensor in situ pH(T) measurements was estimated to be <= 0.009 pH units at pH 8.5, <= 0.010 pH units at pH 8.0, and <= 0.014 pH units at pH 7.5. Integrated on autonomous platforms, this novel sensor opens new frontiers for pH observations, especially within the largest and most understudied ecosystem on the planet, the deep ocean.
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