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Summary: The deployment of gas diffusion electrodes (GDEs) for the electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) has significantly increased current densities, but stability challenges arise due to rapid flooding of GDEs. Research shows that applied potential plays a central role in causing instabilities in carbon gas diffusion layers (GDLs) during CO2RR, leading to independent flooding issues. The study findings can be applied to electrochemical reduction reactions using carbon-based GDEs with cathodic overpotentials less than -0.65 V versus a reversible hydrogen electrode.
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Gong Zhang et al.
Summary: The authors developed a novel synthetic approach to prepare Cu(100)-rich thin film electrodes for CO2 electroreduction, achieving high Faradaic efficiency for ethylene and C2+ products. Scaling up the electrode led to increased total current and higher yield of desired C2+ products. Insights into Cu facets exposure effects on intermediates were provided through in situ spectroscopic methods and theoretical calculations, enabling precise design of CO2 reduction reactions for future industrial applications.
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Adam Vass et al.
Summary: The electrolysis community aims to replace the commonly used Ir anode catalyst with a more abundant and stable material like Ni. However, despite Ni being considered a potential replacement, long-term operation reveals that Ni leads to rapid cell failure compared to Ir. This is due to a decrease in anolyte pH and the development of a detrimental chemical environment at the anode.
ACS ENERGY LETTERS
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Hyo Sang Jeon et al.
Summary: This study utilized a pulsed CO2 electroreduction reaction approach to adjust product distribution in a gas-fed flow cell for industrially relevant current densities. By comparing the selectivity of Cu catalysts under potentiostatic and pulsed electrolysis conditions, it was found that the enhanced product selectivity in the latter case can be attributed to structural modifications and local pH effects. The differences in catalyst selectivity were observed to influence the formation of specific products, such as C-2 and CH4, through morphological reconstruction and consumption of OH - species near the catalyst surface.
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Summary: The most recent investigation reported the operating conditions of a forward-bias bipolar-membrane zero-gap electrolyser using a silver cathode catalyst for the reduction of CO2 to CO. The highest CO partial current density was 127 mA cm(-2) with a CO Faradaic efficiency of 93%, but a shift in selectivity and deterioration in current densities occurred at 3.4 V cell voltage.
JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY
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Sudarshan Vijay et al.
Summary: The study investigates the activity of transition metals, metal-nitrogen-doped carbon catalysts, and supported phthalocyanine in the CO2 electroreduction to CO, and presents a unified mechanistic picture. It is found that MNCs have similar electron transfer properties to TMs in CO2 conversion, but can be limited by either CO2 star adsorption or proton-electron transfer reactions. The increased activity of MNC catalysts is attributed to the stabilization of larger adsorbate dipoles due to their discrete and narrow d states.
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Summary: This study elucidates the active sites for ethanol production on Cu-Ag CO2RR tandem catalysts using structural sensitivity effects, showing how ethanol and ethylene formation pathways exhibit selectivity differences in a CO-enriched environment. The findings highlight the potential of tandem catalysis and structure-sensitive effects to significantly alter the selectivity of electrochemical reactions.
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Hilmar Guzman et al.
Summary: In this study, a continuous flow gas diffusion electrode-cell configuration was investigated to convert CO2 via electrochemical reduction. Various system variables were evaluated to optimize the production of CO2 reduction liquid products, highlighting the importance of kinetics and transport limitations in the process. The research aims to shift the focus from catalytic activity of materials to other factors involved in CO2 conversion efficiency.
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B. Endrodi et al.
Summary: Precipitates that form in the cathode of continuous-flow CO2 electrolysers hinder their long-term operation, but the alkali metals they are formed from actually boost activity. Researchers address this dichotomy by periodically infusing the cathode with alkaline cations, enabling the electrolyser to operate stably and efficiently for extended periods.
Article
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Colin P. O'Brien et al.
Summary: The CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) provides an opportunity to consume CO2 and produce desirable products, but the alkaline conditions required often lead to loss of input CO2 to bicarbonate and carbonate, limiting the conversion of CO2 to multicarbon products. This study found that cation exchange membranes (CEMs) and bipolar membranes (BPMs) were not ideal for providing locally alkaline conditions, but the development of a permeable CO2 regeneration layer (PCRL) allowed for a more efficient CO2 conversion process with limited CO2 crossover.
ACS ENERGY LETTERS
(2021)
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Dongjin Kim et al.
Summary: The study investigated the reduction of low concentrations of CO2 in a zero-gap MEA electrolyzer, highlighting the importance of suppressing the hydrogen evolution reaction at low CO2 concentrations. The Ni single-atom catalyst showed high tolerance toward low CO2 partial pressure and maintained high CO Faradaic efficiency, outperforming Ag nanoparticles in terms of CO productivity. Additionally, extrinsic operating conditions controlling water transfer and enhancing CO selectivity were developed based on computational fluid dynamics simulations.
ACS ENERGY LETTERS
(2021)
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Seyedeh Behnaz Varandili et al.
Summary: Understanding the compositional and structural features of catalysts controlling selectivity is crucial in chemical reactions. This study leveraged tailored Cu/ZnO precatalysts to identify intrinsic features of CuZn catalysts for CO2 reduction, revealing Cu@CuZn core@shell structures selective for methane and ethanol. Surface alloying and metallic Zn concentration were found to improve ethanol selectivity, with density functional theory explaining the selectivity based on electronic and tandem effects. These findings contribute to the rational tuning of bimetallic catalysts for CO2 reduction towards increased selectivity, especially for alcohols.
Review
Chemistry, Physical
Mengran Li et al.
Summary: The wettability of the electrode plays a crucial role in CO2RR by affecting the reactivity, selectivity, and stability of the electrode. Improving cathode performance by altering the wettability of the catalyst layer in gas-diffusion electrodes can lead to more efficient CO2RR. Current challenges and opportunities lie in developing efficient and selective cathodes for CO2RR at industrially relevant rates.
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Summary: This review discusses recent advances in electrochemical transformation of CO2 to alcohols, with a focus on copper-based electrocatalysts. Various factors affecting reaction activity and selectivities are considered. The review provides insights into the challenges and outlook for practical applications of this technology.
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