Journal
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ELECTRON DEVICES
Volume 63, Issue 1, Pages 189-196Publisher
IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC
DOI: 10.1109/TED.2015.2464682
Keywords
Charge transfer amplifier (CTA) counter; CMOS single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD); quanta image sensor (QIS); single-photon counting (SPC); switched current source (SCS) counter
Funding
- European Research Council (ERC) through the EU's Seventh Framework Programme (FP)/ERC [339747]
- Imaging Division, STMicroelectronics
- EPSRC [EP/M01326X/1] Funding Source: UKRI
- Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council [EP/M01326X/1] Funding Source: researchfish
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A CMOS single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD)-based quarter video graphics array image sensor with 8- mu m pixel pitch and 26.8% fill factor (FF) is presented. The combination of analog pixel electronics and scalable shared-well SPAD devices facilitates high-resolution, high-FF SPAD imaging arrays exhibiting photon shot-noise-limited statistics. The SPAD has 47 counts/s dark count rate at 1.5 V excess bias (EB), 39.5% photon detection probability (PDP) at 480 nm, and a minimum of 1.1 ns dead time at 1 V EB. Analog single-photon counting imaging is demonstrated with maximum 14.2-mV/SPAD event sensitivity and 0.06e(-) minimum equivalent read noise. Binary quanta image sensor (QIS) 16-kframes/s real-time oversampling is shown, verifying single-photon QIS theory with 4.6x overexposure latitude and 0.168e(-) read noise.
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