No complementarity no gain-Net diversity effects on tree productivity occur once complementarity emerges during early stand development

Although there is compelling evidence that tree diversity has an overall positive effect on forest productivity, there are important divergences among studies on the nature and strength of these diversity effects and their timing during forest stand development. To clarify conflicting results related to stand developmental stage, we explored how diversity effects on productivity change through time in a diversity experiment spanning 11 years. We show that the strength of diversity effects on productivity progressively increases through time, becoming significantly positive after 9 years. Moreover, we demonstrate that the strengthening of diversity effects is driven primarily by gradual increases in complementarity. We also show that mixing species with contrasting resource-acquisition strategies, and the dominance of deciduous, fast-developing species, promote positive diversity effects on productivity. Our results suggest that the canopy closure and subsequent stem exclusion phase are key for promoting niche complementarity in diverse tree communities.

Automated summary

Although there are divergent opinions on the nature and strength of the positive effects of tree diversity on forest productivity, this study shows that these effects progressively increase over time, primarily driven by increases in complementarity. Mixing species with contrasting resource-acquisition strategies and the dominance of deciduous, fast-developing species promote the positive effects of diversity on productivity. Canopy closure and subsequent stem exclusion phase play a key role in promoting niche complementarity in diverse tree communities.