Diversity and determinants of the sigmoid septum and its impact on morphology of the outflow tract as revealed using cardiac computed tomography

Background The sigmoid septum has been generally evaluated subjectively and qualitatively, without detailed examination of its diversity, impact on the morphology of the left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT), and anatomical background. Methods We enrolled 100 patients without any background cardiac diseases (67.5 +/- 12.8 years old; 43% women) who underwent cardiac computed tomography. Basal septal morphology was evaluated using antero-superior and medial bulging angles (bidirectional angulation of the basal septum relative to the LVOT). The eccentricity index of the LVOT, area narrowing ratio (LVOT/virtual basal ring area), aortic-to-left ventricular axial angle (angulation of the aortic root relative to the left ventricle), and wedged height (non-coronary aortic sinus to inferior epicardium distance) were also quantified. Results The antero-superior bulging, medial bulging, aortic-to-left ventricular axial angles, LVOT eccentricity index, area narrowing ratio, and wedged height were 76 degrees +/- 17 degrees, 166 degrees +/- 27 degrees, 127 degrees +/- 9 degrees, 1.8 +/- 0.5, 1.0 +/- 0.2, and 41.2 +/- 9.1 mm, respectively. Both bulging angles were correlated with each other and contributed to the narrowing and deformation of the LVOT. Angulated aortic root was not correlated with either bidirectional septal bulge or LVOT narrowing. Clockwise rotation of the aortic root rotation was an independent predictor of prominent antero-superior septal bulge. Deeper aortic wedging was a common independent predictor of bidirectional septal bulge. Conclusions The extent of septal bulge varies in normal hearts. Along with deep aortic wedging, the bidirectional bulge of the basal septum deforms and narrows the LVOT without affecting the virtual basal ring morphology.

Automated summary

The extent of septal bulge varies in normal hearts, and bidirectional bulge leads to the deformation and narrowing of the left ventricular outflow tract.