Journal
CYTOKINE & GROWTH FACTOR REVIEWS
Volume 63, Issue -, Pages 90-97Publisher
ELSEVIER SCI LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2021.10.004
Keywords
A9; COVID-19; pulmonary pathogens
Categories
Funding
- Washington University in St. Louis, National Institutes of Health (USA) [AI134236-05S1]
- Washington University (USA) [HL007317-42]
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COVID-19 has a broad range of clinical manifestations, and there is a need for specific diagnostic tools to predict disease severity. S100A8/A9 has been proposed as a potential biomarker for COVID-19, as it can distinguish between mild and severe disease states. Understanding the role of S100A8/A9 in immune responses during inflammatory diseases is necessary to evaluate its candidacy as a potential COVID-19 biomarker.
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has a broad range of clinical manifestations, highlighting the need for specific diagnostic tools to predict disease severity and improve patient prognosis. Recently, calprotectin (S100A8/A9) has been proposed as a potential biomarker for COVID-19, as elevated serum S100A8/A9 levels are associated with critical COVID-19 cases and can distinguish between mild and severe disease states. S100A8/A9 is an alarmin that mediates host proinflammatory responses during infection and it has been postulated that S100A8/A9 modulates the cytokine storm; the hallmark of fatal COVID-19 cases. However, it has yet to be determined if S100A8/A9 is a bona-fide biomarker for COVID-19. S100A8/A9 is widely implicated in a variety of inflammatory conditions, such as cystic fibrosis (CF) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD), as well as pulmonary infectious diseases, including tuberculosis and influenza. Therefore, understanding how S100A8/ A9 levels correlate with immune responses during inflammatory diseases is necessary to evaluate its candidacy as a potential COVID-19 biomarker. This review will outline the protective and detrimental roles of S100A8/A9 during infection, summarize the recent findings detailing the contributions of S100A8/A9 to COVID-19 pathogenesis, and highlight its potential as diagnostic biomarker and a therapeutic target for pulmonary infectious diseases, including COVID-19.
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