Journal
CYTOKINE & GROWTH FACTOR REVIEWS
Volume 64, Issue -, Pages 71-83Publisher
ELSEVIER SCI LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2021.11.002
Keywords
Cancer; Obesity; Cachexia; GDF15; GFRAL
Categories
Funding
- National Institutes of Health (NIH) [U01 CA185148, P01 CA217798, U01 CA200466]
- U.S. Department of Defense (DOD) [W81XWH-18-1-0308, R01 CA218545, R01 CA241752, R01 CA195586, U01 CA213862]
- DOD [W81XWH-21-1-0640]
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Growth differentiation factor 15 or macrophage inhibitory cytokine-1 (GDF15/MIC-1) is a divergent member of the transforming growth factor beta superfamily and has diverse pathophysiological roles in cancers, cardiometabolic disorders, and other diseases. Its role in cancer development and progression is complicated and depends on the specific cancer type and stage, and its mechanisms are related to its receptor GFRAL.
Growth differentiation factor 15 or macrophage inhibitory cytokine-1 (GDF15/MIC-1) is a divergent member of the transforming growth factor beta superfamily and has a diverse pathophysiological roles in cancers, cardiometabolic disorders, and other diseases. GDF15 controls hematopoietic growth, energy homeostasis, adipose tissue metabolism, body growth, bone remodeling, and response to stress signals. The role of GDF15 in cancer development and progression is complicated and depends on the specific cancer type, stage, and tumor microenvironment. Recently, research on GDF15 and GDF15-associated signaling has accelerated due to the identification of the GDF15 receptor: glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) family receptor a-like (GFRAL). Therapeutic interventions to target GDF15 and/or GFRAL revealed the mechanisms that drive its activity and might improve overall outcomes of patients with metabolic disorders and cancer. This review highlights the structure and functions of GDF15 and its receptor, emphasizing the pleiotropic role of GDF15 in obesity, tumorigenesis, metastasis, immunomodulation, and cachexia.
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