Journal
CURRENT ZOOLOGY
Volume 68, Issue 4, Pages 391-400Publisher
OXFORD UNIV PRESS
DOI: 10.1093/cz/zoab081
Keywords
indirect fitness; life-history; maternal effects; paternal effects
Categories
Funding
- Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) [211668/2013-3]
- Royal Society [RGS\R2\202220]
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This study found that parental ecological history, including developmental and adult social environments, can modulate the effects of parental age at reproduction on the expression of offspring traits.
Parents adjust their reproductive investment over their lifespan based on their condition, age, and social environment, creating the potential for inter-generational effects to differentially affect offspring physiology. To date, however, little is known about how social environments experienced by parents throughout development and adulthood influence the effect of parental age on the expression of life-history traits in the offspring. Here, I collected data on Drosophila melanogaster offspring traits (i.e., body weight, water content, and lipid reserves) from populations where either mothers, fathers both, or neither parents experienced different social environments during development (larval crowding) and adulthood. Parental treatment modulated parental age effects on offspring lipid reserves but did not influence parental age effects on offspring water content. Importantly, parents in social environments where all individuals were raised in uncrowded larval densities produced daughters and sons lighter than parental treatments which produced the heaviest offspring. The peak in offspring body weight was delayed relative to the peak in parental reproductive success, but more strongly so for daughters from parental treatments where some or all males in the parental social environments were raised in crowded larval densities (irrespective of their social context), suggesting a potential father-to-daughter effect. Overall, the findings of this study reveal that parental ecological history (here, developmental and adult social environments) can modulate the effects of parental age at reproduction on the expression of offspring traits.
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