4.4 Review

Glaucoma and biomechanics

Related references

Note: Only part of the references are listed.
Review Biochemical Research Methods

Strain and elasticity imaging in compression optical coherence elastography: The two-decade perspective and recent advances

Vladimir Y. Zaitsev et al.

Summary: Over the past two decades, quantitative mapping of deformation and elasticity in optical coherence tomography has been a focus of research, and it took about 15 years to demonstrate optical coherence elastography as a useful technique. Compression OCE and shear-wave-based OCE have developed in parallel, with recent breakthroughs in quantitative mapping in Compression OCE but insufficient attention in reviews.

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Adduction-Induced Strain on the Optic Nerve in Primary Open Angle Glaucoma at Normal Intraocular Pressure

Robert A. Clark et al.

Summary: The study found that in healthy individuals, the optic nerve stretches to absorb force and prevent globe retraction during adduction, while in POAG patients, the relatively inelastic optic nerve tethers and retracts the globe during adduction beyond 26 degrees, potentially leading to progressive neuropathy.

CURRENT EYE RESEARCH (2021)

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The ocular pulse decreases aqueous humor outflow resistance by stimulating nitric oxide production

Michael Madekurozwa et al.

Summary: Intraocular pressure (IOP) fluctuates due to ocular pulse, which induces shear stress in Schlemm's canal (SC). The ocular pulse may modulate outflow facility by stimulating NO production. Studies showed the immediate increase in outflow facility in mice in response to the ocular pulse, with NO playing a significant role in this regulation.

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In vivo estimation of murine iris stiffness using finite element modeling

Chanyoung Lee et al.

Summary: The study aimed to estimate the murine iris biomechanical stiffness by utilizing optical coherence tomography images for living mice and an inverse finite element model. The in vivo murine iris stiffness was found to be 96.1 +/- 54.7 kPa, with gender dependency and evidence of reverse pupillary block. The approach of monitoring iris stiffness in vivo has significant potential for studying potential changes in various pathophysiological conditions of the iris.

EXPERIMENTAL EYE RESEARCH (2021)

Article Ophthalmology

Iris stromal cell nuclei deform to more elongated shapes during pharmacologically-induced miosis and mydriasis

Neda Rashidi et al.

Summary: The study investigated nuclear shape alterations in iris tissue, finding an increase in nuclear aspect ratio after inducing iris deformation through activation of smooth muscles. The findings suggest the potential for using 3D reconstructions in future computational models to study primary angle-closure glaucoma, as they provide more physiologically realistic values compared to 2D projected images. Moreover, the study indicates that iris stromal cells are subjected to a biomechanically active micro-environment during their physiological function in response to ambient light.

EXPERIMENTAL EYE RESEARCH (2021)

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Individual-Specific Modeling of Rat Optic Nerve Head Biomechanics in Glaucoma

Stephen A. Schwaner et al.

Summary: Glaucoma is characterized by the death of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) due to elevated intraocular pressure (IOP), but the precise mechanism of how biomechanical insult leads to RGC death is not fully understood. This study utilized finite element modeling to analyze the biomechanics of rat optic nerve heads (ONHs) and found that changing the collagen fiber direction to be circumferential within the peripapillary sclera resulted in more pronounced decreases in strain than changing scleral stiffness. The results from this study can provide insight into how biomechanics affects RGC pathogenesis in glaucoma.

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Piezo1 channels mediate trabecular meshwork mechanotransduction and promote aqueous fluid outflow

Oleg Yarishkin et al.

Summary: The trabecular meshwork is a highly mechanosensitive tissue in the eye that regulates intraocular pressure. This study identified the Piezo1 channel as a key transducer of mechanical stimuli in TM cells, shedding light on the mechanisms of intraocular pressure regulation.

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The Canonical Wnt Signaling Pathway Inhibits the Glucocorticoid Receptor Signaling Pathway in the Trabecular Meshwork

Chenna Kesavulu Sugali et al.

Summary: This study identified that Dickkopf-related protein 1 (Dkk1) is elevated in the aqueous humor and trabecular meshwork (TM) of glaucoma patients, and found that Wnt and glucocorticoid receptor (GR) signaling inhibit each other in the TM. Activators of canonical Wnt signaling may prevent the adverse effects of glucocorticoids in the eye.

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Piezo 1 is involved in intraocular pressure regulation

Wataru Morozumi et al.

Summary: The study found that Piezo 1 plays a crucial role in regulating TM cell activity and may offer new insights into the treatment of glaucoma. Eye drops containing Yoda 1 reduced intraocular pressure in mice and decreased fibronectin expression level around the TM. Activation of Piezo 1 suppressed migration and proliferation of human TM cells, while increasing the expression of MMP-2 responsible for fibronectin degradation.

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Changes in Corneal Biomechanics and Glaucomatous Visual Field Loss

Eric Chan et al.

Summary: The study suggests that lower baseline corneal hysteresis and a decrease in corneal resistance factor over time are associated with higher risk of visual field progression in glaucomatous and glaucoma suspect eyes. Assessing corneal resistance and elasticity at baseline and during follow-up examinations could help identify eyes at highest risk of visual field progression.

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Ultrasonic elastography to assess biomechanical properties of the optic nerve head and peripapillary sclera of the eye

Xuejun Qian et al.

Summary: The study utilized an ultrasonic elastography system to investigate the biomechanical properties of porcine eyes under different intraocular pressures. The results showed an increase in Young's modulus of both optic nerve head and peripapillary sclera with increasing intraocular pressure, while they tended to become stiffer with decreasing intraocular pressure.

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Mechanical stretch induces Ca2+ influx and extracellular release of PGE2 through Piezo1 activation in trabecular meshwork cells

Takatoshi Uchida et al.

Summary: The study found that Piezo1 is abundantly expressed in the trabecular meshwork and can regulate trabecular meshwork cell contraction by modulating Ca2+ influx and release of arachidonic acid and PGE(2). This suggests that Piezo1 could act as a regulator to control intraocular pressure.

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Smarce1 and Tensin 4 Are Putative Modulators of Corneoscleral Stiffness

Elizabeth M. Boazak et al.

Summary: This study identified genes potentially regulating biomechanical tissue properties of the cornea and sclera by conducting ocular compliance measurements in BXD mice, and highlighted Smarce1 and Tns4 as candidate genes that may influence the development and regulation of tissue material properties. Further research on these genes is encouraged for understanding ocular pathologies and developing novel mouse models of eye diseases like myopia and glaucoma.

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The role of Piezo1 in conventional aqueous humor outflow dynamics

Wei Zhu et al.

Summary: Piezo1 in the conventional aqueous humor outflow pathway plays a role in influencing intraocular pressure maintenance by activating mechanosensitive currents in trabecular meshwork cells. Interference with mechanosensitive channels can alter aqueous outflow facility and ocular compliance.

ISCIENCE (2021)

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Effect of different preconditioning protocols on the viscoelastic inflation response of the posterior sclera

Gianfranco Bianco et al.

Summary: Two different preconditioning protocols were used to study the viscoelastic inflation response of the tree shrew posterior sclera, revealing protocol-dependent differences in tissue response during preconditioning and at the preconditioned state. Incorporating a resting time between preconditioning cycles significantly impacted the number of cycles needed to reach a preconditioned state and material properties obtained. Proper resting times are essential for accurately characterizing tissue viscoelastic properties.

ACTA BIOMATERIALIA (2021)

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TRPV4-Rho signaling drives cytoskeletal and focal adhesion remodeling in trabecular meshwork cells

Monika Lakk et al.

Summary: In this study, it was found that mechanical stretch promoted F-actin polymerization, increased the number and size of focal adhesions, and stimulated the activation of the Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) in human TM cells. The activation of both TRPV4 and ROCK were required for zyxin translocation and an increase in the number/size of focal adhesions in stretched cells. These results reveal the complex signaling pathways involved in the mechanical tuning of TM cells.

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-CELL PHYSIOLOGY (2021)

Article Engineering, Biomedical

Transpupillary collagen photocrosslinking for targeted modulation of ocular biomechanics

B. G. Gerberich et al.

Summary: This study aimed to reduce tissue deformation near the optic nerve head by selectively stiffening the peripapillary sclera, and successfully demonstrated a targeted photocrosslinking approach that may be beneficial in future glaucoma treatments. While this method effectively stiffened the sclera, there were some ocular toxicities associated with photocrosslinking.

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Article Biophysics

Material properties and effect of preconditioning of human sclera, optic nerve, and optic nerve sheath

Joseph Park et al.

Summary: The optic nerve exerts tractional load on the eye during eye rotations, and the material properties of the sclera, optic nerve, and its sheath vary among different regions. Preconditioning has differing effects on ocular tissue stiffness, with some regions softening while others stiffening. Mechanical properties show moderate correlation within individual eyes, but potentially pathological combinations can arise due to discrepancies in regional properties.

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A tissue-engineered human trabecular meshwork hydrogel for advanced glaucoma disease modeling

Haiyan Li et al.

Summary: A novel biomimetic human trabecular meshwork hydrogel model has been developed to better replicate the process of trabecular meshwork stiffening in glaucoma, facilitating the study of cell-extracellular matrix interactions and showing bidirectional responsiveness to pharmacological challenge.

EXPERIMENTAL EYE RESEARCH (2021)

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Iridocorneal contact as a potential cause of corneal decompensation following laser peripheral iridotomy

Kazuyuki Imai et al.

Summary: This study found that corneal endothelial cell density may decrease after LPI due to mechanical damage from iridocorneal endothelial contact.

JAPANESE JOURNAL OF OPHTHALMOLOGY (2021)

Article Ophthalmology

Corneal Biomechanical Changes Caused by Acute Elevation of IOP in Eyes with and without Glaucoma

Suchitra Katiyar et al.

Summary: Although acute elevation of intraocular pressure resulted in significant changes in corneal hysteresis and corneal resistance factor, these changes do not seem to have a prognostic value for glaucoma or its progression.

OPTOMETRY AND VISION SCIENCE (2021)

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Primary cilia and the reciprocal activation of AKT and SMAD2/3 regulate stretch-induced autophagy in trabecular meshwork cells

Myoung Sup Shim et al.

Summary: This study identified primary cilia as the mechanosensor for cyclic mechanical stretch-induced autophagy in trabecular meshwork cells. The cross-regulation between AKT1 and noncanonical SMAD2/3 signaling was found to be critical in primary cilia-mediated activation of autophagy by mechanical stretch. Removal of primary cilia disrupted the homeostatic intraocular pressure compensatory response, highlighting the importance of primary cilia-mediated autophagy in regulating intraocular pressure homeostasis.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (2021)

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Impaired TRPV4-eNOS signaling in trabecular meshwork elevates intraocular pressure in glaucoma

Pinkal D. Patel et al.

Summary: TRPV4 channels play a crucial role in regulating intraocular pressure and can be activated by increased fluid flow. Impaired TRPV4 channel activity in glaucomatous patients contributes to elevated intraocular pressure, highlighting the importance of TRPV4-eNOS signaling in IOP regulation.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (2021)

Article Biology

Anti-fibrotic activity of a rho-kinase inhibitor restores outflow function and intraocular pressure homeostasis

Guorong Li et al.

Summary: Netarsudil reduces glucocorticoid-induced ocular hypertension by preventing or attenuating pathologies, acting directly on conventional outflow cells. These findings warrant a randomized prospective clinical study to evaluate its superiority in lowering steroid-induced ocular hypertension.

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Article Engineering, Biomedical

Assessment of the viscoelastic mechanical properties of the porcine optic nerve head using micromechanical testing and finite element modeling

Babak N. Safa et al.

Summary: ONH biomechanics plays a central role in glaucoma pathogenesis. By conducting micromechanical testing and finite element modeling on porcine ONH tissue samples, this study provided detailed descriptions of ONH viscoelastic properties and identified a dual mechanism of fluid flow and solid matrix viscoelasticity in the mechanical response of ONH. The obtained properties can be utilized for designing ex vivo test environments and understanding glaucoma pathophysiology.

ACTA BIOMATERIALIA (2021)

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Tensile Viscoelastic Properties of the Sclera after Glycosaminoglycan Depletion

Hamed Hatami-Marbini et al.

Summary: This study investigates the structural roles of GAGs in the scleral tensile properties and found that removal of GAGs results in stiffer tensile behavior, independent of displacement rate. Preconditioning does not significantly affect the tensile behavior of GAG depleted and normal scleral strips.

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In vivo non-contact measurement of human iris elasticity by optical coherence elastography

Shuling Ye et al.

Summary: This study proposed a new air-puff optical coherence elastography system for non-contact evaluation of iris elasticity in vivo, showing a relationship between mechanical properties and morphology of the iris. With its noninvasive and high-resolution features, this system has great potential for clinical ophthalmology applications.

JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS (2021)

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The vital role for nitric oxide in intraocular pressure homeostasis

Ester Reina-Torres et al.

Summary: Nitric oxide, catalyzed by endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) activity, plays a crucial role in maintaining endothelial and cardiovascular homeostasis. In the conventional outflow pathway of the eye, NO is a key player in regulating aqueous humor outflow resistance.

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Role of MCP-1 and IL-8 in viral anterior uveitis, and contractility and fibrogenic activity of trabecular meshwork cells

Jiyoung Lee et al.

Summary: The study revealed that MCP-1 and IL-8 can induce the formation of actin stress fibers and focal adhesions in TM cells, promote myosin light chain phosphorylation and cell contraction. Additionally, these chemokines also elevate the levels of extracellular matrix proteins and enhance cell migration, leading to increased resistance to aqueous outflow in viral anterior uveitis and POAG.

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Biomechanics of Ophthalmic Crosslinking

Brecken J. Blackburn et al.

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RhoA/ROCK-YAP/TAZ Axis Regulates the Fibrotic Activity in Dexamethasone-Treated Human Trabecular Meshwork Cells

Zhicheng Liu et al.

Summary: High intraocular pressure is a major risk factor for glaucoma, and abnormal fibrotic activity in human trabecular meshwork cells is considered responsible for increased resistance to aqueous humor outflow. This study used bioinformatics to identify fibrotic pathways in DEX-treated HTM cells, revealing the crucial role of RhoA/ROCK-YAP/TAZ axis in regulating fibrotic activity.

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Satish K. Panda et al.

Summary: This study evaluated the biomechanical properties of the iris during pupil constriction and found that iris stiffness was higher in PACG patients compared to healthy controls, while iris permeability was lower. These findings may have implications for the management of angle-closure glaucoma.

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Cheri Stowell et al.

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Elizabeth C. Kimball et al.

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Ian C. Campbell et al.

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Biomechanics of the Human Posterior Sclera: Age- and Glaucoma-Related Changes Measured Using Inflation Testing

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Elastic Modulus Determination of Normal and Glaucomatous Human Trabecular Meshwork

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Microstructural Differences in the Human Posterior Sclera as a Function of Age and Race

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Dimensions of the human sclera: Thickness measurement and regional changes with axial length

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Biomechanics of the optic nerve head

Ian A. Sigal et al.

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Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Glaucoma

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VASCULAR MECHANICS, MECHANOBIOLOGY, AND REMODELING

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Cerebrospinal fluid pressure is decreased in primary open-angle glaucoma

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OPHTHALMOLOGY (2008)

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Predicted extension, compression and shearing of optic nerve head tissues

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EXPERIMENTAL EYE RESEARCH (2007)

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Connective tissue structure of the tree shrew optic nerve and associated ageing changes

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INVESTIGATIVE OPHTHALMOLOGY & VISUAL SCIENCE (2007)

Article Pathology

Mechanobiology of bone tissue

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PATHOLOGIE BIOLOGIE (2005)

Article Ophthalmology

Factors influencing optic nerve head biomechanics

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INVESTIGATIVE OPHTHALMOLOGY & VISUAL SCIENCE (2005)

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Finite element modeling of optic nerve head biomechanics

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INVESTIGATIVE OPHTHALMOLOGY & VISUAL SCIENCE (2004)