Epithelial morphogenesis in organoids

Epithelial organoids can recapitulate many processes reminiscent of morphogenesis in vivo including lumen and multilayer formation, folding, branching, delamination and elongation. While being noisier in vitro than in vivo , these processes can be monitored live and subjected to interferences, a field that is emerging. We elaborate on the signalling molecules controlling morphogenesis, from the medium and their emergence as signalling centers in the organoids. Further, we discuss how organoid shape is controlled by mechanical cues within the organoid and their interplay with the material properties of the environment.

Automated summary

Epithelial organoids can mimic morphogenetic processes in vivo, such as lumen and multilayer formation, folding, branching, delamination, and elongation. This article elaborates on the signaling molecules controlling morphogenesis, including their emergence as signaling centers in the organoids. It also discusses how mechanical cues and environmental material properties influence organoid shape.