4.3 Article

Snacking behavior differs between evening and morning chronotype individuals but no differences are observed in overall energy intake, diet quality, or food cravings

Journal

CHRONOBIOLOGY INTERNATIONAL
Volume 39, Issue 5, Pages 616-625

Publisher

TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC
DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2021.2016795

Keywords

Chronotype; snacking; diet quality; dietary intake; food cravings

Funding

  1. USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture, Hatch [1012976]
  2. Michigan AgBioResearch

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There is a growing body of literature linking chronotype to undesirable eating behaviors, but the relationship between chronotype and dietary intake among adults in the U.S. is poorly understood. This study found evening chronotype individuals consumed snacks more frequently and later than morning types, but there were no significant differences in healthy snack frequency, diet quality, energy intake, or food cravings among the different chronotypes.
There is a growing body of literature that links chronotype to certain undesirable eating behaviors. However, the relationship between chronotype and dietary intake is poorly characterized among adults in the United States (U.S.). This cross-sectional study examined the associations among chronotype, snacking habits, dietary intake and quality, and food cravings. One-hundred adults living in the U.S. completed the study. Based on the Horne-ostberg Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire score, an individual was categorized as having either a morning (M)-type, intermediate (I)-type, or evening (E)-type chronotype. Snack intake was assessed using a previously published specialized food frequency questionnaire. Sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) intake was assessed using the updated version of the Beverage Intake Questionnaire-15. Alcohol misuse was measured using the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test-Consumption. Diet quality was obtained using the Diet History Questionnaire III. The validated General Food Cravings Questionnaire-Trait measured participants' food cravings. E-type individuals reported consuming snacks more often over the course of a week than M-types (p = .002) but not I-types. In terms of timing of snacking, E-type individuals consumed more snacks after dinner than M-types (p < .001). E-type individuals consumed more energy-dense snacks (p = .005), especially candies (p = .005), than M-types. However, there were no significant differences in healthy snack frequency, diet quality, energy and macronutrient intake, SSB consumption, alcohol misuse, or food cravings among chronotypes (p > .05, for all). In conclusion, E-type individuals consumed snacks more frequently and later than M-types; however, chronotype was not associated with an individual's energy intake, diet quality, and food cravings, which suggests that chronotype is negligibly associated with weight gain-related behaviors in this population.

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