4.7 Article

The prospective effects of long-term exposure to ambient PM2.5 and constituents on mortality in rural East China

Journal

CHEMOSPHERE
Volume 280, Issue -, Pages -

Publisher

PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130740

Keywords

PM2.5; Chemical constituents; Long-term exposure; Cohort study; Mortality; Rural population

Funding

  1. National Nature Science Foundation of China [81473038]

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Long-term exposure to ambient PM2.5 and its chemical constituents, especially BC and NO3-, increased mortality risk. A non-linear relationship was found between PM2.5 and non-accidental mortality. The study results emphasize the importance of adopting effective targeted emission control measures to improve air quality for health protection in rural East China.
Few cohort studies explored the associations of long-term exposure to ambient fine particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of 2.5 mu m or less (PM2.5) and its chemical constituents with mortality risk in rural China. We conducted a 12-year prospective study of 28,793 adults in rural Deqing, China from 2006 to 2018. Annual mean PM2.5 and its constituents, including black carbon (BC), organic carbon (OC), ammonium (NH4(+)), nitrate (NO3(-)), sulfate (SO42-), and soil dust were measured at participants' addresses at enrollment from a satellite-based exposure predicting model. Cox proportional hazard model was used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CIs) of long-term exposure to PM2.5 for mortality. A total of 1960 deaths were identified during the follow-up. We found PM2.5, BC, OC, NH4+, NO3-, and SO42- were significantly associated with an increased risk of non-accidental mortality. The HR for non-accidental mortality was 1.17 (95%CI: 1.07, 1.28) for each 10 mu g/m(3) increase in PM2.5. As for constituents, the strongest association was found for BC (HR = 1.21, 95% CI: 1.11, 1.33), followed by NO3(-), NH4(+), SO42-, and OC (HR = 1.14-1.17 per interquartile range). A non-linear relationship was found between PM2.5 and non-accidental mortality. Similar associations were found for cardio-cerebrovascular and cancer mortality. Associations were stronger among men and ever smokers. Conclusively, we found long-term exposure to ambient PM2.5 and its chemical constituents (especially BC and NO3-) increased mortality risk. Our results suggested the importance of adopting effective targeted emission control to improve air quality for health protection in rural East China.

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