Journal
CANCER
Volume 128, Issue 2, Pages 373-382Publisher
WILEY
DOI: 10.1002/cncr.33922
Keywords
cancer survivors; early detection of cancer; human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated malignancy; pediatric cancer; subsequent malignant neoplasms; survivorship care
Categories
Funding
- National Cancer Institute [CA55727]
- Cancer Center Support (CORE) grant [CA21765]
- American Lebanese-Syrian Associated Charities (ALSAC)
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Childhood cancer survivors are at increased risk for subsequent malignant neoplasms in sites susceptible to HPV-associated malignancies. Further research examining the role of HPV in the etiology of SMN and promoting HPV vaccination and surveillance guidelines for SMNHPV in cancer survivors is needed.
Background Human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated subsequent malignant neoplasms (SMNHPV) in childhood cancer survivors are poorly understood. Methods The cumulative risk of SMNHPV was assessed among 24,363 Childhood Cancer Survivor Study participants. Standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) and absolute excess risk were calculated using age-matched, sex-matched, and calendar year rates from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program. Poisson regression models identified SMNHPV risk factors, evaluating relative SIRs (rSIR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs). Results In total, 46 survivors developed an SMNHPV (median age, 31 years [range, 10-56 years]; median time from primary cancer, 21 years [range, 9-35 years]). SMNHPV sites included oropharynx (N = 44), anorectum (N = 6), uterine cervix (N = 2), and vulva (N = 2). The 33-year cumulative incidence was 0.3% (95% CI, 0.2%-0.4%), and the SIR was nearly 3-fold that of the general population (SIR, 2.86; 95% CI, 2.05-4.00). Female survivors were not at increased risk of cervical or vulvar cancers compared with the general population. All survivors had an elevated risk of oropharyngeal SMNHPV (males: SIR, 4.06; 95% CI, 2.37-6.97; females: SIR, 8.44; 95% CI 4.88-14.61) and anorectal SMNHPV (males: SIR, 13.56; 95% CI, 5.09-36.13; females: SIR, 9.15; 95% CI, 2.29-36.61). Males (vs females: rSIR, 1.99; 95% CI, 1.00-3.94); head, neck, and pelvic radiotherapy doses >3000 centigray (vs none: rSIR, 2.35; 95% CI, 1.11-4.97); and cisplatin-equivalent doses >400 mg/m(2) (vs none: rSIR, 4.51; 95% CI, 1.78-11.43) were associated with increased SMNHPV SIRs in multivariable analysis. Conclusions Childhood cancer survivors are at increased risk for SMN in sites susceptible to HPV-associated malignancies. Further research examining HPV in the etiology of SMN and the promotion of HPV vaccination and surveillance guidelines for SMNHPV in cancer survivors is warranted.
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