Spatial-temporal evolution and diversification in Sisyrinchium (Iridaceae) with emphasis on abiotic drivers

Evolutionary and ecological processes that influenced the assembly of the New World flora are best understood through investigation of spatio-temporal processes of specific lineages, but some groups still lack a historical overview. Here, we produced a well-sampled dated tree, reconstructed ancestral ranges and performed diversification analyses for Sisyrinchium (Iridaceae) to elucidate its evolution in the Americas. Eight molecular markers and samples representing its full geographical range and morphological diversity were used to estimate divergence times with a Bayesian relaxed clock with secondary calibrations. Ancestral range reconstruction under likelihood methods and diversification analyses were performed. Sisyrinchium originated in a broad range including the Andes and Mesoamerica in the Mid-Miocene. Diversification at high elevations occurred in the early diverging lineages, which feature the highest extinction rates. Increase in diversification rate was detected during the Pliocene/Pleistocene after the colonization of lower elevations. Later sympatric speciation in south-eastern Brazil was followed by movements to other regions, including a long-dispersal event to North America. Higher extinction rates were followed by movements to lower elevations, with periods of accelerated Andean orogeny and global temperature decrease. Our results indicate that palaeoclimate and changes in elevational range influenced diversification in Sisyrinchium.

Automated summary

The evolution of Sisyrinchium in the Americas involved origins in the Mid-Miocene in the Andes and Mesoamerica, followed by early diversification at high elevations and later colonization of lower elevations in the Pliocene/Pleistocene. Sympatric speciation in south-eastern Brazil and long-dispersal events to North America were observed. Climate changes and shifts in elevational ranges influenced diversification in Sisyrinchium.