Interactions of B-lymphocytes and bone cells in health and disease

Bone remodeling occurs through the interactions of three major cell lineages, osteoblasts, which mediate bone formation, osteocytes, which derive from osteoblasts, sense mechanical force and direct bone turnover, and osteoclasts, which mediate bone resorption. However, multiple additional cell types within the bone marrow, including macrophages, T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes influence the process. The bone marrow microen-vironment, which is supported, in part, by bone cells, forms a nurturing network for B lymphopoiesis. In turn, developing B lymphocytes influence bone cells. Bone health during homeostasis depends on the normal in-teractions of bone cells with other lineages in the bone marrow. In disease state these interactions become pathologic and can cause abnormal function of bone cells and inadequate repair of bone after a fracture. This review summarizes what is known about the development of B lymphocytes and the interactions of B lympho-cytes with bone cells in both health and disease.

Automated summary

Bone remodeling involves interactions among osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts, as well as other cell types in the bone marrow. The bone marrow microenvironment, supported by bone cells, plays a role in B lymphopoiesis. In turn, B lymphocytes influence bone cells. Imbalanced interactions between bone cells and other lineages can have detrimental effects on bone health. This review summarizes the development of B lymphocytes and their interactions with bone cells in both health and disease.