Poly(N-vinyl imidazole) Cross-Linked β-Cyclodextrin Hydrogel for Rapid Hemostasis in Severe Renal Arterial Hemorrhagic Model

A unique facile process has been adopted for fast assembly of a poly(N-vinyl imidazole) cross-linked beta-cyclodextrin hydrogel through microwave-assisted free radical polymerization, using N,N'-methylenebis(acrylamide) cross-linker. The copolymer possesses positive surface charge, one of the characteristic properties of an ideal hemostatic hydrogel. The functionalized imidazole-based hydrogel demonstrates rapid, superior blood coagulation kinetics under in vitro and in vivo conditions. On application to a major renal arterial hemorrhagic model, this hydrogel shows better blood clotting kinetics, leading to complete hemostasis in as few as similar to 144 +/- 7 s. Additionally, 350 mu L of whole blood was clotted instantly, in similar to 35 s, and therefore, reinforcing its hemostatic potential. The hydrogel demonstrates excellent biocompatibility, when seeded with human dermal fibroblast cells, retaining the native property of its predecessor. In addition, the hydrogel presents excellent hemocompatibility when tested with whole blood with the highest hemolytic ratio of 1.07 +/- 0.05%. Moreover, it also demonstrates potential as a carrier for sustained release of an anesthetic drug, lidocaine hydrochloride monohydrate (similar to 83% in 24 h). The rapid hemostatic behavior of the hydrogel is coupled with its cytocompatibility and hemocompatibilty properties along with controlled drug release characteristics. These behaviors evidently demonstrate it to be an excellent alternative for a superior hemostatic material for severe hemorrhagic conditions.

Automated summary

The poly(N-vinyl imidazole) cross-linked beta-cyclodextrin hydrogel assembled through microwave-assisted free radical polymerization demonstrates superior blood clotting kinetics and biocompatibility, showing potential as a carrier for sustained release of drugs. Its rapid hemostatic behavior, cytocompatibility, hemocompatibility, and controlled drug release characteristics make it an excellent alternative for severe hemorrhagic conditions.